الفهرس 
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Abstract
The thesis deals with the phytochemical studies of Zilla spinosa, belonging to family Cruciferae in Egypt, as well as the biological effect of the plant extract. It contains two main parts; the first of which is the phytochemical studies including methods and material of the isolation of flavonoids besides the literature review part which comprises detailed account of the previously isolated natural compounds from of Z. spinosa and some of their medicinal uses. The second part is the studies of biological activity of ethanolic extract of plant.
Isolation and identification of flavonoid compounds of Zilla spinosa.
The air-dried powder of Arial part of the plant was extracted with 70% ethanol for several times. The aqueous ethanolic extract was applied on polyamide 6S and eluted with water and water /ethanol mixtures with gradual increase in concentration to give six fractions. Further purification was performed by application on a Sephadex LH-20 column to obtain the following compounds which were isolated and identified by different spectral methods including 1H NMR, 13C NMR, HRESI-MS , Negative ESI-Mass and UV.
Compound (1): identified as kaempferol3-O (α-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-(1→6))-β-D-glucopyranoside
Compound(2): identified Quercetin 3-O- α-L- rhamnopyranosyl- (1→6)-β-D-glucopyanoside .
Compound(3): identified as Quercetin-3- O- α- L- rhamnopyranoside
Compound(4): identified as kaempferol 3- O- β- D-glucopyranoside.
Compound(5): identified as Quercetin 3- O -β- D-glucopyranoside.
Compound (6): identified as kaempferol.
Compound (7): identified as Quercetin .
Biological Activity:
The hepatoprotective, analgesic, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities tests were carried out in the biological section of Chemistry of Medicinal plants Department, NRC. The cytotoxic evaluation was carried out in the National Cancer Institute, Cairo, Egypt, by serial sub-culturing.
1- Anti-inflamatory activity:
Z. spinosa was proved to have anti-inflammatory activity especially after the second and the third hours compared with the control and that administered with indomethacin, it significantly decreased the edema rate in comparison to the control group.
2- Analgesic activity:
The plant extract had analgesic activity compared with the control and acetylsalicylic acid. 200 mg/kg of alcoholic extract produced 74.48% protection against writhing induced by Asprin, while 400 mg/kg dose produced 77% protection corresponding to 90.41% protection for acetylsalicylic acid. Analgesic activity of the plant could be due to the presence of flavonoid compounds.
3- Cytotoxic activity:
The ethanolic extract was tested for cytotoxicity on three human cancer cell lines, namely; colon (HCT), breast (MCF7) and liver (HEPG2) cell lines. Generally, It was found that the ethanolic extract was active against the three cell lines with IC50, 16.1, 7.5 and 14.3μg/mL , respectively, displaying the highest cytotoxicity in case of breast cancer cell line .
4-Hepatoprotictive activity:
ALT, AST, ALP and γ-GT levels in CCl4-injected group significantly increased compared with control. Administration of aqueous ethanol extract of Z. spinosa before CCl4 injection displayed significant decrease in the levels of ALT and showed marked decrease in AST, γ-GT and ALP levels. The histopathological study also demonstrates that the ethanolic extract of Z. spinosa had hepatoprotective effect.
5 – Antimicrobial activity:
The effect of ethanolic extracte of Zilla spinosa as antibacterial (G+ and G-) is small compared with the control and no effect as antifungal.