الفهرس 
Biomechanics of thoracic spineOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 120 |  |  |
| | | from | 120 | | |
Abstract
Thoracic disc herniation is an uncommon disorder as the thoracic spine has very unique property being more stable than other vertebral regions due to presence of the rib cage attached to it. Degenerative processes is considered as the major cause of thoracic disc herniations. Radiological examination of the thoracic spine includes plain radiographs, myelography, CT, MRI and discograpgy .MRI is currently the method of choice for diagnosis of disc herniation. Treatment of thoracic disc herniation includes conservative and operative treatment. Conservative treatment includes drugs, physical therapy, bracing and epidural steroid injection. These measures generally should be continued at least 6 to 12 weeks if feasible. Surgical treatment includes many options. Different approaches have been applied inlcuding posterior, anterior and lateral approaches. Anterior approaches include transthoracic and transsternal approach. While posterior ones include laminectomy and pediculofacetectomy. And lateral ones include costotransversectomy and LECA. Each approach has its own particular advantages and disadvantages, which must be carefully considered when selecting the method of exposure. Video-assisted minimally invasive technique ( Endoscopic Thoracic Discectomy )are variations of the transthoracic approach and avoid a thoracotomy. Also there is percutaneous endoscopic thoracic discectomy( PETD) with laser. It’s a safe alternative to microsurgery or endoscopy, permitting a minimal invasive approach to thoracic spine with a better preservation of the anatomy, avoiding general anesthesia and potential infective, neurological an pulmonary complications in thoracic spine surgery.