الفهرس 
Pathology
ClassificationOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Chondrosarcomas are malignant bone tumors with pure hyaline cartilage differentiation. They are the second most common primary malignant tumors of bone. Although any bone can be affected, the most common sites are the pelvic and shoulder girdles, the proximal part of the long bones, the ribs, the scapulas, and the sternum. The presentation of chondrosarcomas depends on the grade of the tumor. In most cases, symptoms are mild with long dura¬tion, ranging from several months to years, and usually consist of persistent dull, ach¬ing pain or palpable masses. A high-grade, fast-growing tumor can present with ex¬cruciating pain. Pelvic tumors present with urinary frequency or obstruction or may present as groin muscle pulls. Radiographic findings include bone expansion with cortical thickening, ra¬diolucent areas with variably distributed punctate or ring-like matrix calcifications, cortical erosion or destruction, endosteal scalloping, and scant or absent periosteal reaction. Extension into the soft tissue may be present. Computed tomography (CT) is helpful in identifying endosteal scalloping, corti¬cal destruction, and matrix calcification in lesions that appear entirely lucent on radiographs. Magnetic resonance imag¬ing (MRI) is useful in demonstrating the intramedullary and soft tissue extension of the lesion and to assess the thickness of the cartilaginous cap of osteochondro¬mas (less than 2 cm in adults) to identify chondrosarcoma transformation. Magnetic resonance imaging typically demonstrates lobulated lesions of low-signal intensity on T1-weighted MRIs and high-signal intensity on T2-weighted MRIs. Lobules are commonly separated by septa of low-signal intensity. On gross examination, chondrosarco¬mas tend to have a translucent, blue-gray or white color corresponding with the presence of hyaline cartilage. Some cartilaginous tumors are characterized by specific or recurrent chromosome alterations and molecular genetic changes. Currently, surgical treatment with wide margins is the mainstay of treatment for all lesions. There is no widely accepted role for adjunctive chemotherapy or radiation. There is a significant relationship between adequate surgical resection and improved outcomes.