الفهرس 
Internal genital development of the male and female ductal systemsOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The term endocrine disruptor was initially coined in 1991 by Theo Colborn, one of the world’s leading authors and a senior scientist on endocrine-disrupting chemicals in the environment. The neuroendocrine systems, as the links between the brain and peripheral endocrine systems play critical roles in the ability of an organism to respond to its environment under normal circumstances. When neuroendocrine homeostasis is disrupted by environmental contaminants such as industrial chemicals, pesticides, plastics, plasticizers and even food products, a variety of perturbations can ensue, particularly when endocrine disruption occurs during critical developmental time periods. Endocrine disruptors are exogenous substances that behave similarly to biologic hormones. They interfere with the physiologic functions of the endogenous hormones by affecting the release, binding, or metabolism of the endogenous hormones. Compounds that can mimic or antagonize the effects of estrogen and or androgen are collectively referred to as endocrine disruptors (EDs). The oestrogenic agents comprise xenoestogens, which are non- steroidal synthetic compounds used in industry and agriculture, and phytoestrogens, which are non- steroidal compounds that occur naturally in plants and fungi. EDs can be ingested in the diet or inhaled from the atmosphere, and there are currently about 60 chemicals that have been identified and characterized as EDs.There are four principle disorder of the reproductive system in males induced by EDs: cryptorchidism (failure of testicular descent), hypospadias (ventral opening of the urethra on the penis), low sperm count and testicular cancer in adulthood. Together, these four disorders are referred to as testicular dysgenesis syndrome or developmental oestrogenic male phenotype.The prevelance of male reproductive disorders, such as testicular cancer and impaired semen quality, is increasing in many countries. These disorders are aetiologically linked with congenital cryptorchidism and hypospadias by common factors leading to perinatal disruption of normal testis differentiation, the testicular dysgenesis syndrome. There is recent evidence that also the prevelance of genital malformation is increasing and the the rapid pace of increase suggests that lifestyle factors and exposure to environmental chemicals with endocrine disrupting properties may play a role. In boys exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated biphynols (PBBs) or the pesticide endosulfan was associated with delayed pyberty or decreased penile length. The mechanisms of their adverse actions may be diverse but one impotant end point is reduced capacity of Leydig cells to produce androgens. AIM OF THE WORK: The aim of the literature review is to demonstrate the effect of endocrine disruptors (EDs) on male growth, fertility, sexuality and to put recommendations, conclusions and future directions regards this issue. METHODOLOGY: This work will be written as narrative review. Data concerning endocrine disruptor (EDs) will be collected through computer based search from the reliable medical search web sites (Medline search, pubmed search, etc…..), related book chapters and hand based search in medical libraries. Only data from literature written in English Language will be included.