الفهرس 
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Abstract
The condition under which calves are managed, the rearing system, floor type, performance and behaviour of calves were all investigated. The study of these aspects of management and their relative influences on behaviour and production of calves revealed
that:
The earthen floor reared calves spent more time feeding (7.76±0.88 vs 4.88±0.7), but low drinking frequency (0.1 ± 0.03 vs 0.25 ± 0.05) than those reared under concrete floor. Concrete floor reared calves spent more time in standing rumination (0.2±0.1) than those reared under earthen floor (0.05±0.04 min/hr). On contrast lying rumination was higher for those reared under earthen floor (3.23±0.7) than those reared under concrete floor
(2.59±0.61).
Resting pattern of calves revealed that calves reared on concrete floor spent less time in standing idle (14.12±1.31 min/hr) and high sternal and lateral lyings (1.45±0.52 and 37.24±1.78 respectively). While, those reared on earthen floor spent more time standing idle (24.94±1.74), but low sternal and lateral lyings time (0.12±0.1 and 23.41±1.82 respectively). Moreover, walking frequency was higher in calves reared on earthen floor while running frequency was lowered. Similarly, body care and social behaviours were higher in calves reared on concrete floor than
those reared on earthen floor. Total investigation frequencies were high in calves reared on concrete floor. Moreover, females exhibited higher investigation than males. On the other hand, the effect due to floor type and sex on body weight of calves showed a highly significant effect, moreover, weaning weight and daily weight gain were higher in calves reared on earthen floor than those reared on concrete floor. Experiment II:
The effect of housing system on the behaviour and performance of dairy cows was investigated and the obtained results are summarized as follows:
The time spent feeding was higher for cows reared on open yard than those reared in byres (27.99±1.23 versus 26.36±1.25 min/hr). Similarly, the drinking frequencies were higher for cows reared on open yard. On contrast, rumination time was higher in cows reared in byres than those reared on open yard system (15.31±0.93 versus 11.40±0.85 min/hr).
On the other hand, total time spent in lying was higher in cows reared in open yard than those reared in byres (11.75±0.92 versus 3.37±0.38 min/hr). On contrast, time spent standing idle was high in cows reared in byres. With regard to the movement activities, both walking and running frequencies were high in cows reared on open yard.
However, body care behaviour and investigation frequencies were higher in cows reared in byres than those reared in open ard. Moreover, social behaviour showed no significant difference between cows reared in byres and those reared in open yard.
Experiment III:
There was a highly significant effect in feeding time due to ration type. However, it was found to be increased when the amount of roughage (berseem hay, ammoniated rice straw) increased in the diet. Moreover it was decreased when the amount of concentrate in the diet increased. However time spent in rechewing (rumination) of the cud was prolonged when the amount of roughages increased and vice versa (decreased when amount of concentrate increased). On the other hand, cow at late morning and early after noon showed the highest feeding time. On contrast rumination time was highest at early morning and late
afternoon.
The total time spent lying by cow that fed 50% berseem hay and 50%concentrate was higher than that fed other diet contained non treated rice straw or ammoniated rice straw. While standing idle time was high in cows fed 70 % concentrate and 30% ammoniated rice straw. However, there was no significant difference between cows fed different ration types in movement activities. Whereas the effect of period of day showed a highly significant difference in movement activities, where the highest walking frequency observed at early afternoon but the highest running frequency observed at early morning. Body care behaviour showed no significant difference due to ration type. On the other hand, the period of day had a highly significant effect where the highest licking and total grooming were
at late afternoon. However, investigatory behaviour was higher in cows fed high concentrate diet while it was lowered in cows fed
high roughages diet. With respects to the social behaviour, cows fed high concentrate diet spent longer time in social activities than
those fed high roughages diet. With regards to the ration type, cows fed 50% concentrate, 10% berseem hay and 40%
ammoniated rice straw produced the highest milk yield moreover when the ammoniated rice straw was added to the diet, the protein% in the milk was increased.