الفهرس 
EMBRYOLOGY OF THE URINARY SYSTEMOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
ongenital malformations are a leading cause of prenatal
mortality, perinatal and infant mortality. Several studies
suggest that 3% of newborns have one major malformation,
and 0.7% have multiple major defects. This causes distortions
confined in a number of groups including: mutant genes,
chromosome abnormalities, and multifactorial disorders as a
result of the interaction between genetic predisposition and
environmental factors assumed in addition to unknown reasons.
The use of ultrasound during pregnancy is considered
aroutine part of prenatal care in most hospitals, which in turn
helps doctors diagnose serious birth defects during pre-birth, in
addition to its contribution in making parents decision to
terminate pregnancy when you are sure of the existence of
distortions and major birth defects.
In this study US has been successfully used for the
evaluation of congenital anomalies of urinary system. US can
be the first imaging modality of choice in detection of any
abnormalities in the urinary tract during antenatal follow up.
It is safe for both fetus and mother, relatively
inexpensive, allows real-time imaging, and is readily available
However, some factors, including the patient’s body habitus
and oligohydramnios, can often prevent optimal assessment of
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Summary & Conclusion
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anomalies, making additional imaging techniques potentially
useful.
In clinical practice, the results of the US examination are
used by the clinician in the context of a comprehensive clinical
assessment scheme to reach the final clinical diagnosis.
Information obtained from previous history of any congenital
anomalies especially at urinary system.
Our study concludes that US especially 3D US offers a
new promising imaging modality for detection and diagnosis of
many congenital anomalies such as renal agenesis, polycystic
kidney, hydroureter and posterior urethral valve.
We recommend ultrasound as the first modality to start
with for localization of congenital anomalies because it is
available, quick, non hazardous and more cheaper than MRI
which comes in the second order in diagnosis and confirmation
of such anomaly.