الفهرس 
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Abstract
In addition to tubercle bacilli, otehr myrobacteria of varying degrees of pathogenicity have been grown from human sources in the past decade.
Hansen (1874) was the first who discovered a member of genus mycobacterium. He found leprosy bacillus in tissuse. Eight years later Koch (1882) discovered the tubercle bacillus in infected tissues.
Early reports of non tuberculous Acid Fast Bacilli (AFB) in human secretion dated back to (1885) when Alvarez and Tavel described the Smegma bacillus.
Lehmann and Neumann, 1896 founded that the family of mycobacteriaceae contains a single genus, Mycobacterium. This name was given to a group of bacteria which grow as mould like pellicles on liquid media.
Marzinowskiin (1900) made a report on rapidly growing AFB probably M. fortuitum separated from tonsillar crypt and from sputum of another patient.
In (1901) Ohmacher desdribed a thin branching acid fast organsin from sputum of an epileptic young woman who had cough, fever and purulent sputum.
In the next years he found Acid Fast Bacilli (AFB) in sputum of a patient who had recurrent attacks of haemoptesis and purulent sputum.
In (1902) Lichtenstejn called them “pseudo-tubercie acid fast bacilil” but culture was unsuccessful.
Ophuls (1904) made the first report of a chronic injection site abscess caused by AFB. The rapidly growing bacilli from this lesion probably belonged to the Mycobactrium Fortuitum complex.
Cobbett, (1918) separated the rapidly growing AFU from a chronic skin abscess at a site of previous injection belong to M. fortuitum complex.
Mycobacterium fortuitum was first recognized as species in (1923) and was given the name of Mycobacterium “ranae” Runyon et. al., (1972). The early effort of classification and differentiation of Mycobacteria was summarized by Wilson in (1925). The Ryan strains (probably M. fortuitum complex) was isolated from pleural empyema of an infant with pneumonia, although the relationship of AFB to the child pulmonary disease was not clear (Beaven et. al., 1931).
Pinner (1932) described the “atypical acid fast organisms” which were observed in his clinical laboratory.
Steenken & Landau (1936) speculated some Mycobacterial strains changed in colour when exposed to light at room temp., 370 C. This was due to photochemical reactions in which oxidation plays an important part. The colour of colonies refered to presence of B-carotene which is oxygon dependent (Runyon, 1955).
In 1938 da Costa Cruz described and named M. fortuiturn where he separated it from cold abscess and found that this organism was of low pathogenicity. He also found this organism in Brazil.
Freeman (1938) reported two cases with recurrent wide spread superficial abscesses from which pigmented, rapidly growing AFB were cultured. One of them had dissiminated disease in several organs.
MacCallum, and his colleagues, (1948) isolated an acid fast bacillus from skin ulcers of human occuring in a rural area in Australia.
Frish and Tarshis in (1952), considered that M. fortuiturn could cause artheritis of knee and superficial abscesses in patients.
Gibson and Lominski in (1953), discussed the clinical entity of chronic mycobacterial pulmonary disease associated with achalasia of the cardia and described the M. fortuitum like organisms that parasitized the damaged lung.
Timpe and Runyon in (1954), correlated the known facts about the relationship between human pulmonary disease and non tuberculous mycobacteria so they provided the first working classification.
Gordon and Smith in (1955), published a complete description of a species of rapidly growing mycobacteria when
they isolated a new species from a skin abscess that developed following injections of vitamins. The organism which was isolated is identical to M. ranae.
Kushner, 1957 said that, both H. fortuitum and H. chelonei strains are pothegenic for mice, producing distinctive abscesses in the kidneys and the syndrome of spining disease as a result of lesions in the chochlea but not a progressive disease in rabbits and guinea pigs.
In 1972: Stanford made studies on H. chelonei. Grange and Stanford (1974) made reevaluation of Mycobacterium Fortuitum (Mycobacterium ranae).
NOMENC]lflmunE
The mycobateria isolated from human material have been called by many names. Paratubercle bacilli, pseudotubercle bacilli, unclassfied, anonymous, atypical, nontuberculous, opportunistic, tuberculoid and mycobactria other than tubercle bacilli (M.O.T.T.) (Hanks, 1968). The disease associated with them has been termed pseudotuberculosis; mycobacteriosis, nontuberculous mycobacterial infection. Certainly atypical, anonymous and unclassified are no longer acceptable (Emanuel Wolinsky, 1979).