الفهرس 
ANATOMY OF THE URINARY SYSTEMOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 102 |  |  |
| | | from | 102 | | |
Abstract
Since Multidetector CT currently plays an important management role in patients with urolithiasis, from the initial diagnosis in patients with acute flank pain to treatment planning and post treat¬ment follow-up. Keeping abreast of recent tech¬nologic developments will help radiologists meet the growing expectations of urologists.
Dual Source CT (DSCT) is a relatively new technique used for diagnostic imaging purposes.
The ability of dual-energy CT to extract basic information regarding iodine concentration and material composition has led to practical dual energy CT applications with genitourinary applications that include:
Characterization of the composition of renal calculi, Identifying renal calculi within contrast material–filled renal collecting systems and The ability to distinguish hyper ¬attenuating renal cysts from renal cell carcinoma .
Some limitations need to be taken into account related to the relatively high radiation dose, low sensitivity for stones <3mm, the effect of motion and currently, the second tube and detector have a maximum field of view of 26 cm in the gantry plane, So the scanning area needs to be carefully positioned to ensure full coverage of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder.
However, continued optimization of the techniques described will provide more accurate detection and characterization of genitourinary disease. CT urography using dual- energy CT technology could become a comprehensive genitourinary imaging study with a potential reduction of radiation exposure to the patient. With optimized spectra of the low- and high-energy x-ray beams, stone characterization and iodine quantification will become more accurate and precise.
In the future, patients may be scanned in the dual-energy mode by default because it will add more diagnostic information to what can be achieved by the single-energy mode especially if there is no penalty of additional radiation dose by using the dual-energy mode.
As clinical use expands, radiologists must critically determine appropriate scenarios for using dual-energy CT for lesion detection as well as assess whether new diagnostic criteria unique to dual-energy CT should be implemented. Furthermore, to take advantage of the range of data available from dual-energy CT, improved display platforms to simplify viewing of the source and post processed images and further understanding of post processing artifacts will be needed. Continuing rapid technical developments will improve the acquisition and post processing of dual-energy CT image data and clinical evaluation of this exciting new technology across a spectrum of abdominal diseases will be required.