الفهرس 
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Abstract
Several epidemiological studies have shown a positive association
between dietary exposure to aflatoxin and an increased incidence of
primary hephtocellular carcinoma. One area in which little
information is avaiiable is the exposure of newborne children to
aflatoxj.ns in human breast milk.
Due to the importance of breast milk for chiidren we aimed to study
the incidence of afiatoxins in human breast milk in some localities
in Kalubia Governorate, beside exploration of the hepatotoxic effects
of aflatoxins. To achive this aim, 200 samples were collected from 22
different localities in Kalubia Governorate during
May,August,sept~mber and October,1991, from which 22 samples were
found contaminated with six different types of aflatoxins which are
AFBI,AFBI÷GJ,AFMI,AFM2,AFGJ and APG2 distributed in nine districts
where the highest numbet present in Moshtohor (ii samples) with over
all percentage of 11%. The highest concentration present was 200
pg/mi of AFMI followed by AFBI.Qj,153 pg/mi, while the more prevalent
type was AFBI (40.90%).
Aiso,we observed a relationship between the presence of aflatoxins
in breast milk and duration of lactation where aflatoxin percentage
was found to increase in the first four months of lactation and In
the l2th-l6th months. Also,there a seasonal variation of
aflatoxins in human breast milk the percentage of positive
samples were increased in dry season are
where than In wet season. In the second part of our study we tried to make evaluation of
the presence of different types of aflatoxins at the same levels
present in breast milk examined in the first part of the study. So,we
made a bilogical investigation on one-day old ducklings classified
into four groups: the first group dosed AFMI at 0.1 ug/duckling/day
which represent the dose that the children take it per day
approximately, the second one given AFB1+G1 at 0.077 ug/duckljng/day,
the third one dosed AFB1 at 0.048 ug/duckling/day and the last one
kept as control. After ten days from the start of the experiment,the
ducklings were sacrificed and specimens were taken from the liver
which is considered the target organ of afiatoxins for
histopathological examination.
Regarding the observed clinical signs, we noticed lowered growth
rate with stunted growth, in some cases unable to stand and walk on
the knee, most of the treated groups showed loss of feather mainly on
head and neck.
Postmortum inspection revealed: pale friable liver which is small
sized in comparison with control group. Streaks of haemorrhages on
the hepatic surface were seen in some cases of group treated with
AFMI, with smaller left lobe. Enlarged gall bladder was observed in
treated groups with AFMI and AFBI+G1 , in contrast, it was small In
AFBI treated group.
Histopatholcgical examination of the liver of ducklings dosed 0.1
ug AflA1 showed degenerative changes together with necrotic areas
in the hepatic parenchyma. Meanwhile in case of (0.048 ug) aflatoxin BI, the liver showed thrombosed blood vessels with fibrous tissue
proliferation both in hepatic parenobma and in the portal areas.
Moreover, In case of Afiatoxin Bl-’Gl in the dose of 0.077 ug, the
liver showed focal areas of necrosis and hyperpiasja of the bile duct
with focal mononuclear infiltration.