الفهرس 
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Abstract
The present study aimed to collect and identify insect pests in library of the Manuscripts in Coptic museum and evaluate susceptibility of larvae and adults of Attagenus fasciatus and Lasioderma serricorne to certain plant volatile oils and controlled atmospheres. Also, detect the effect of the peppermint oil on the morphology of adult antennae and its associated sensilla.
The results covered the following points with the indicated results.
1.Survey of Insect pests in the Manuscripts Library of Coptic Museum.
Sticky traps were placed at the corners of the library, on the windows edges and behind doors. Insects were collected monthly from October 2009 to September 2010.
Results indicated that nine insect species belonging to five orders (Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Thysanura, psocoptera and Blattaria) and six families (Formicidae, Anobiidae, Dermestidae, Lepismatidae, Liposcelidae, and Blattidae) were recorded.
The identified insect species were: Monomorium pharaonis, Ochetellus glaber, Gibbium psylloides, Lasioderma serricorne, Anthrenus verbasci, Attagenus fasciatus, Thermobia domestica, Liposcelis bostrychophilus and periplaneta americana.
Monomorium pharaonis was the most commonly detected species and periplaneta americana was the least detected species. The occurrence of insect pests was higher in summer months and the high existence of insect pests was in the corners of the library.
2-Toxicological Studies
2.1Susceptibility of Insects to the Vapors of Volatile plant Oils.
The vapor toxicity of four volatile oils i.e., peppermint, basil, lemon and orange were tested against the third instars larvae and adults of Attagenus fasciatus and Lasioderma serricorne.
The results indicated that the responses of larvae and adults of A. fasciatus and L. serricorne to the vapors of different concentrations of four volatile oils were represented by straight lines indicating homogeneity. Larvae of the two tested insects were more susceptible than adults to all tested oils vapors.
When the LC50 values of the four oils were compared, the two insects were found to be more susceptible to peppermint oil, and the least susceptibility was to orange oil. However, the responses of larvae and adults of A. fasciatus and L. serricorne to orange oil were more homogenous than to other oils, judjed from the lower values of the slop functions.
Results also, revealed that A. fasciatus was more susceptible to the tested oils than L. serricorne.
peppermint oil vapor proved to be more potent and effective than other tested oils vapors, being strongly recommended for insect control and protecting the museums artifacts against pest infestations.
2.2. Effect of peppermint Oil Vapor on Antennal Sensillae.
The present study aimed to describe the external morphology and types of sensilla on the antenna of normal A. fasciatus and L. serricorne adults and determined the malformation induced from treatment of 3rd instars larvae with peppermint oil.
2.2.1- The External Morphology and Types of Sensillae on the Antennae of A. fasciatus:
The antenna of adult A. fasciatus consisted of 11 segments, antennal club 3 segmented with short setation, segment ix and x asymmetrically triangular, antennal club as long as remaining segments combined different types of sensilla are presented in the antennal club segment. The antennal sensilla are sensilla trichoid 1 ST1 which is the most abundant sensilla type, sensilla trichoid 2 ST2, sensilla basiconica 1 SB1, sensilla basiconica 2 SB2 and sensilla styloconicum SS which are few in number.
2.2.2- The external morphology and types of sensillae on the antennae of L. serricorne:
The antenna of the cigarette beetle adult consisted of a bean- shaped scape (Sc), a small pedicel (pe) and nine flagellar segments (Fl 1-9). Six distinctly- shaped sensilla were observed on the flagellar, sensilla trichoid 1 ST1, sensilla trichoid 2 ST2, sensillum basiconicum SB, sensillum styloconicum SS which are few in number, sensilla chaetica SC and grooved pegs Gp.
2.2.3- Effect of peppermint Oil on Antennae and their Sensillae:
Treatment of 3rd instar larvae of A. fasciatus and L. serricorne with peppermint oil resulted in malformation and disorientation of the antennal structures of emerged A. fasciatus adults. Also, malformation and enlarge membranous joint between segments were detected in the emerged adults of L. serricorne.
2.3- Susceptibility of Insects to Gases:
Different concentrations of Carbon dioxide (CO2) and 99.9% nitrogen (N2) in controlled atmosphere (CA) were used in this study. The susceptibility of 3rd and 5th instars larvae and adults of A. fasciatus and L. serricorne to CO2 and N2was tested after 48 and 120 hours at two different temperatures (20±1ºC and 30±1 ºC) and 65 ± 5% RH.
2.3.1- Susceptibility of A. fasciatus and L. serricorne to CO2:
The efficacy of controlled atmosphere containing different concentrations of CO2 (25,50,75 and 100%) against A. fasciatus was tested after 48 and 120 hours at 20±1ºC and 30±1 ºC and 65 ± 5% RH.
At 20±1ºC, results revealed that, the LC50 values for A. fasciatus at 20 ºC after 48 and 120 hours were 53.893 & 37.623%, 62.144 & 45.458% and 64.656 & 48.382% for 3rd, 5th larval instars and adults, respectively. Also, the LC50 values for L. serricorne were 55.440 & 39.059%, 63.769 & 45.926% and 65.692 & 49.445 % for 3rd, 5th larval instars and adults, respectively.
At 30±1ºC, the results indicated that; LC50 after 48 and 120 hours were 52.739 & 35.310%, 60.004 & 43.957% and 61.909 & 47.295% for 3rd larval instars, 5th larval instars adults of A. fasciatus, respectively.
For L. serricorne, LC50 of CO2 after 48 and 120 hours at 30±1ºC were 53.999 & 35.847%, 60.964 & 44.810% and 62.962 & 47.379 % for 3rd instars larvae, 5th instars larvae and adults, respectively.
The results illustrated that, the mortality of A. fasciatus and L. serricorne increased as the concentration, temperature and exposure time increased. The adults were more tolerant to the CA of CO2 than larval stages. Larvae and adults of A. fasciatus were more sensitive to CO2 gas than larvae and adults of L. serricorne.
2.3.2- Susceptibility of A. fasciatus and L. serricorne to (C.A) of 99.9% N2:
The efficacy of CA of 99.9% N2 against A. fasciatus was tested at 20 and 30±1ºC and 65 ± 5% RH.
The results indicated that, the LT50 values for A. fasciatus at 20 ºC were 3.155, 3.510 and 3.893 hours for 3rd, 5th larval instars and adults, respectively. On the other hand, the LT50 values for L. serricorne were 3.360, 3.510 and 19.280 hours for 3rd, 5th larval instars and adults, respectively.
The results also revealed that the LT95 for A. fasciatus was 40.529, 47.320 and 79.168 hours for 3rd, 5th larval instars and adults, respectively and 47.320, 55.005 and 114.118 hours for 3rd, 5th larval instars and adults of L. serricorne, respectively.
At 30±1ºC and 65 ± 5% RH the results showed that; LT50 and LT95 were 0.681 and 12.731 hours for 3rd larval instars, 1.970 and 18.871 hours for 5th larval instars and 4.184 and 55.900 hours for adults of A. fasciatus, respectively.
For L. serricorne, the LT50 and LT95 values of 99.9% N2 at 30±1ºC were 2.416 and 16.000 hours for 3rd instars larvae, 3.067 and 27.860 hours for 5th instars larvae and 0.394 and 70.444 hours for adults, respectively.
The results showed that, the mortality of L. serricorne increased as the temperature and exposure time increased. The adults were more tolerant to CA than larval stages. Larvae and adults of A. fasciatus were more sensitive to C.A of high N 2 content than Larvae and adults of L. serricorne.