الفهرس 
Bouquets of Flowers in Ancient EgyptOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The word bouquet means a bunch of any plant material (branches, leaves, flowers or fruits) which has been arranged in a particular manner. There are several names for bouquets in ancient Egyptian texts such as abw, anx, rnpwt, ms and sxt. There are two types of bouquets in ancient Egypt; the small formal bouquet
which usually consists of lotus flowers, in addition to papyrus stalks. The second type is the large formal bouquet which is characterized by its large size as sometimes it has a man’s height, and is usually composed of long strong papyrus stalks with colored blossoms or petals surrounding the trunk of the bouquet. The manner of making up leaves, flowers, and fruits in ancient Egypt into artificial wreaths, bouquets, etc., is well known. All formal bouquets are prepared in the same principle. Reeds, grasses or palm leaves and other fruits were used in bouquets of smaller size, while in the large formal bouquets; there are strong papyrus stalks commonly three terminating in umbels. Although each bouquet is unique in its composition, all of them are similar in some ways, as many of them include a limited and repetitious number of elements. The elements shared by every flower
arrangement are papyrus umbels and lotus flowers. During the Old kingdom and Middle Kingdom, flowers were depicted in simple shapes, as simple bunches of lotus and papyrus without being formed in the shape of the bouquets offered to the tomb owner. The great development of floral compositions appeared at the beginning of the New Kingdom, when simple floral
offerings were largely suppressed by much more elaborate artificial and formal bouquets. These kinds of bouquets included tall bouquets (ms), rnpwt bouquets, in addition to bouquets in the shape of the anx sign. This appeared on the tombs and temples of the New Kingdom. Other flowers’ seeds, Safflower, Mandrake, Corn poppy, and Jasmine were added to the bouquets. During the New Kingdom, other shapes of bouquets appeared as for instance,
sxt bouquets, Handcuff bouquets and bell shaped bouquets. Many of these new types of bouquets lasted to the Graeco-Roman Period. The most famous of these bouquets are rnpwt bouquets, ms bouquets, sxt bouquets, in addition to simple shapes of lotus and papyrus flowers.