الفهرس 
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Abstract
Poultry and animal feeds are frequently contaminated with salmonella and other pathogenic microorganisms such as Escherichia coli Pseudomons aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium perfringens. Which may cause infection in animals leading to subsequent contamination of carcasses and human food-borne infections. Bacteriological examination a total of 10 final local poultry ration and 10 final animal ration, in addition to 75 feed ingredient samples collected from local ration factories, and 400 feed stuff sample of animal origin which include (150 concentrate, 105 bone and meat meal, 55 bone meal and 90 fish meal) was performed with the present study. Regarding to bacteriological examination of 10 samples of final poultry ration Escherichia coli Enterobacter agglomercus, Enterobacter aerogenes, Klebsilla rhinoscleromatis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus fecalis and Clostridium perfringens were recovered in a percent of 30, 10, 10, 20, 30, 10 and 20%; respectively. While in case of the examination of 10 final large animal ration ”pelleted” Escherichia coli Klebsill apneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus fecalis and Clostridium perfringens were isolated in a percent 20, 40, 20, 20, 30 and 40%; respectively. In case of feed ingredient of poultry and animal ration it was found that in yellow corn yielded Escherichia coli (20%), Klebsilla rhinosceleromatis (10%), Klebsilla ozaenae (10%), Enterobacter aerogenes (10%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (20%), Staphylococcus aureus (20%) Clostridium perfringens (10%). While in cotton seed cake yield • Escherichia coli (20%), Klebsilla rhinosceleromatis (20%), Enterobacter agglomerans (20%), Staphylococcus aureus (20%). from soya bean meal, Escherichia coli (20%), Klebsilla pneumoniae (10%), Klebsilla ozaenae (20%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (20%), Staphylococcus aureus (30%)were recovered. from rice by products, Klebsilla rhinosceleromatis (20%), Enterobacter aerogenes (20%), Staphylococcus aureus (20%)were also recovered. from meat meal, Escherichia coli (10%), Klebsilla pneumoniae (10%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10%), Staphylococcus aureus (10%), Clostridium perfringens (10%). from concentrate, Escherichia coli (10%), Klebsilla rhinosceleromatis (10%), Citrobacter freundii (10%), Enterobacter aerogenes (10%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10%), Staphylococcus aureus (20%), Streptococcus fecalis (10%), Clostridium perfringens (20%). from fish meal, Escherichia coli (10%), Klebsilla rhinosceleromatis (10%), Citrobacter diverses (10%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10%), Staphylococcus aureus (10%), Clostridium perfringens (10%). While Glutene and soya bean pills were found to be free from bacteria. Regarding the mean of total bacterial count in final poultry ration was found to be 3 x 106, while that of total Enterobacteriaceae count was 1.8 x 104. In case of final large animal ration ”pelleted”, the mean of total bacterial count was 1.6 x 105 but the mean of Enterobacteriaceae count was 2 x 105. On the other hand, the mean of total bacterial count for main ingredient of ration, showed of the following results yellow corn (3 x 105) while the mean of total Enterobacteriaceae was 2 x 104. In cotton seed cake the mean of T.B.C. was 4 x 105 and the mean of total Enterobacteriaceae was 4 x 104 . Soya bean meal (3 x 104) and (1.2 x 10); soya bean pills (8 x 104) and (2 x 103); wheat bran (2 x 10), (3 x 10); rice by product (3 x 10), (4 x 104); meat meal (6 x 104), (4 x 105); concentrate (2 x 104) and (3 x 104); fish meal (3x 104) and (2 x 104) and glutene (3 x 103) and (2 x 102) ; respectively. Concerning bacteriological examination of 160 local feed and 240 imported feed of animal origin, the mean total bacterial count in local feed stuff were in concentrates 16 x 104; bone and meat meal 3 x 106; bone meal 2 x 105; fish meal 10 x 104. While in imported feed stuff of animal origin it was found to be in concentrates 12 x 103; bone and meat meal 25 x 104; bone meal 6 x 103; fish meal 18 x 103. In case of the mean of total Enterobacteriaceae in local feed stuff it was found to be in concentrates 37 x 103; bone and meat meal 36 x 104; bone meal 4 x 105; fish meal 22 x 103. While in imported feed stuff of animal origin, found concentrates 13 x 102; bone and meat meal 7 x 102; bone meal 15 x 102; fish meal 9 x 102. Regarding the occurance of salmonella in local feed stuff, 6 positive samples were found with a percent of 3.75%, which distributed among different types of feed as follows, concentrates (4.28%); bone and meat meal (4%) followed by bone meal (4%) and lastly fish meal (2.5%). There were different serotypes of salmonellae recorded from local feed such as Salmonella montovideo, Salmonella senftenberg, Salmonella gabon, Salmonella pullorum, Salmonella meleagridis. On the other side, salmonellae in imported feed stuffs 10 positive samples were recorded with a percent of 4.16% which distributed as follow, in concentrates (5%); bone and meat meal (5%); bone meal (3.3%); fish meal (2%), with different serotyoes as Salmonella montovideo, Salmonella senftenberz Salmonella gabon, Salmonella virchow, Salmonella binza Salmonella washington Salmonella agona, Salmonella reading. Escherichia coli was recorded from local feed stuffs in a percentage of 5% distributed as follows 5.7% in concentrates; bone and meat meal (8%); fish meal (5%), Escherichia coli was not isolatedfrom local bone meal. Different serotypes were isolated such as 0142, 0146, 0158, 063, 078, 0169, 0127. Imported feed stuffs yield Escherichia coli from 6 samples in a percentage of 3.16% which were distributed as follows, concentrates (3.75%); bone and meat meal (2.5%); fish meal (2%) and Escherichia coli was not recordedfrom imported bone meal. There were different serotypes as 0142, 0152, 0114, 0158, 078, 0166. Regarding to Pseudomonas aeruginosa it was recovered from in local feed stuff in a percentage of 5% and distributed as follows, concentrate (5.71%); bone and meat meal (8%); fish meal (5%) Pseudomonas aeruginosa fwas not isolated from local bone meal. There were different serotypes as poly I (L, H, A), poly II (K), poly III (G). Concerning imported feed, there were 4 isolates in a percentage of (1.67%) and distributed as follow, concentrate (2.5%); bone and meat meal (3.3%); fish meal (2%). Also the imported bone meal was free from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. There were different serotypes as poly I (H, A), poly II (K), poly III (E).
In addition, Klebsilla spp. was isolated from in local feed stuff in a percentage of 6.25% which was distributed as follows, concentrates (7.1%); bone and meat meal (12%); bone meal (4%) and finally fish meal (2.5%). Imported feed stuffs yielded Klebsilla spp in a percentage of (4.58%) which was distributed as follows, concentrates (6.25%); bone and meat meal (5%); bone meal (3.3%) and finally fish meal (2%) Citrobacter freundii found in local feed stuffs (1.88%), in concentrates (2.9%); bone and meat meal (4%) only. But in imported feed stuffs the percentage was 0.83% and distributed among concentrate (1.25%); bone and meat meal (1.25%) only. On the other hand, Citrobacter diverses wasfound in local feed stuff in 0.63%, in concentrates only in a percent (1.5%), while Citrobacter diverses in imported feed stuff was in a percentage (0.83%) in each of concentrates (1.3%) and fish meal (2%). Regarding gram positive bacteria as Staphylococcus aureus was recovered from in local feed stuff in a percentage of 5% which was distributed as follows, concentrates (5.7%); bone and meat meal (4%); bone meal (4%) and finally fish meal (5%). While in imported feed stuffs it was recovered in a percentage 2.5% which was distributed as follows concentrates (2.5%); bone and meat meal (1.25%); bone meal (3.3%) and finally fish meal (4%). Anerobic bacteria was also investigated, Clostridium perfringens was found in local feed stuffs in a percentage of 5.6% and distributed as follow, concentrate (5.7%) which had 1 isolate type A, 2 isolates type D, 1 isolate non toxigenic strain. In bone and meat meal (12%) which had-1 isolate type A, 1 isolate type D, 1 isolate non toxigenic strain, bone meal (4%) which had 1 isolate non toxigenic strain, fish meal (2.5%) which had 1 isolate non toxigenic strain. While in case of Clostridium perfringens in imported feed stuffs presented in arecovered in a percentage of 2.9% and distributed as follows, concentrates (3.75%) which had 1 isolate type D, 2 isolates non toxigenic strain; bone and meat meal (3.75%) as I isolate type A, 1 isolate type D, 1 isolate non toxigenic strain; in fish meal (2%) as 1 isolate non toxigenic strain. Clostridium perfringens was not isolated from imported bone meal. Regarding the effect of temperature on certain bacteria isolated from feed stuffs with different durations found Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella senftenberg, Escherichia coli were found to be more sensitive and killed at 80 °C for 15 minutes. While Staphylococcus aureus showed moderate resistance and killed at 85 °C for 1 hr. While in case of the effect of temperature on certain bacteria inoculated in poultry ration, their resistance was increased. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium perfringens type D were not eliminated from ration untile using 85 °C for 1 hr. Then they were eliminated except Staphylococcus aureus.
It can be concluded that: * Pelletization of ration increased their hygienic quality and reduce the number of most bacteria especially members of the Enterobacteriaceae family. The pelleting temperature must not decrease than 80 °C and not exceed 85 °C with steam condition to maintain the nutritive value of the ration. * Bacteriological examination of ration and its components are aurgent need for healthy feed stuff and intensive care must be directed to salmonella and other bacterial agents such as Bacillus anthracis, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium botinium, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli for judging the quality of these nutrients. * To obtain the required quality in feed, rapid analytical methods for control of the raw materials components must be developed.