الفهرس 
INTRODUCTION
Clinical signsOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 73 |  |  |
| | | from | 73 | | |
Abstract
During the period from August 2010 to August 2012 the present study was conducted on 415 cattle and 50 buffaloes. The age of these animals ranged from one day to above five years old. The animals belonged to farms and villages of EL-wady EL-Geded, Assiut and EL-fayoum Governorates. The clinical examination of the animals during this study concluded that some of those animals were actually infected and showed different degrees of tick infestation. The clinical Signs recorded on the infected animals from both species, included enlargement of the superficial lymph nodes, fever, various degrees of respiratory affection and ocular lesions as lacrimation or corneal opacity. In addition to, other clinical signs which were less common were recorded in individual cases like nervous manifestations, hemoglobin urea and bloody to tarry like diarrhea. Other animals were chronically infected; carriers and some animals were clinically healthy. The results of the current study concluded that the conventional method of diagnosis such as (blood films and lymph smears) is still recommended for day to day examination in clinically infected cases, especially during the acute stage. It gave 24.58 % and 6% in blood films of cattle and buffaloes respectively if compared to lymph smear which record 68.09% and 30.77% in cattle and buffaloes respectively, thus the use of lymph smears detected more infected cases than using blood films. The (TaSP) ELISA test was sensitive and specific for detection of T. annulata infection in both cattle and buffaloes through detection of specific antibodies. The infection rate in cattle was 73.25% while in buffaloes it was 42%. The ELISA is recommended for use during the epidemiological surveys to evaluate the incidence of the infection. The results of the present study clearly showed that the qualitative simplex (Tams-1) target based PCR assay was a sensitive test for detection of tropical theileriosis infection. The infection rates in blood taken from cattle and buffaloes were 46.19% and 8.11% respectively.
The infection rates as determined by using the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay were 65.24% and 43.24% in blood samples taken from cattle and buffaloes, respectively. The results of the present study confirmed that Reverse Line Blot (RLB) assay was the most sensitive and specific assay for detection of Theileria species infection, allowing in addition the determination of mixed infections in both cattle and buffaloes. The infection rates with tropical theileriosis were (65.24% and 51.35%) in blood samples taken from cattle and buffaloes, respectively. Based on its high sensitivity and specificity it was used as the
reference test to evaluate the results of conventional, serological and molecular assays.
The infection rate among examined samples were higher in EL-Wady EL-Geded governorate (19.28%) followed by Assiut governorate (16.63%) and EL-fayoum governorate (11.80%) in cattle, respectively. On the other hand the infection rate in buffaloes was higher in Assiut governorate (20%) if compared with that in EL-fayoum governorate (18%).
Cattle were more susceptible than buffaloes which usually act as carriers of the infection. Within cattle breeds, Frisian were more sensitive and susceptible than native breed, infection rates were 34.94%, 12.77%, respectively in cattle and 38% in buffaloes.
The male animals in cattle were more susceptible to the disease than female animals (24.10% and 23.61%) in male and female cattle respectively. While in female buffaloes the infection rate was higher than in male buffaloes (20% and 18%), respectively. Animals less than one year old were more susceptible to infection in both species, if compared with the older animals. The infection rate was 26.51% in cattle and 22% in buffaloes. The infection with tropical theileriosis is higher during hot months in both cattle and buffalo with infection rates of 33.98% and 38% respectively, while the lowest infection rates were recorded during non-hot months when cattle showed 13.73% while no infection was detected in buffaloes.