الفهرس 
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Abstract
The present study was carried out to differentiate between some
traditional and some advanced techniques for diagnosis of bovine blood
parasites and make an epidemiological studies of these diseases in relation to
age, sex, breed, and locality at menofia province.
A total of 405 cattle of different ages, sexes, and breeds were examined
clinically for diagnosis blood parasites as babesiosis and theileriosis. Blood
smears and blood samples were collected to confirm clinical diagnosis and
to show carrier animals. Those animals were examined during field trips in
Menofia province at different Cities.
Two blood samples were collected from jugular vein of each animal
one with anticoagulant for PCR and the other without anticoagulant for
serum collection for IFAT and biochemical blood testes.
The main clinical signs were anorexia, elevation of body temperature
ranged from 40°C- 41°C, and cessation of rumination. Some animals
showed enlargement of superficial lymph nodes, lacrimation, some animals
showed corneal opacity, rough coat and history of bloody urine in some of
them beside presence of tick on entire animal.
Blood film examination revealed that 98 animal out of 405 show either
Babesia microorganism inside red blood cells (RBCs) or intraerthrocytic
stage of Theileria. 33 (8.1%) smear and 65 (16.05%) were positive for
Babesia and Theileria respectively. These results in relation to breeds,
localities, sexes, and ages were analyzed statistically using Chi square and
found that there was significant relationship between incidence of infection of blood parasite and breed while there were no significant relationship were
found between blood parasites infection and locality, age, and sex.
By examination of 158 cattle serum samples using IFAT for presence
of antibodies against either Babesia or Theileria species. The result was 25
serum samples (15.8%) were positive for Babesia antibodies and 33 serum
samples (20.9%) were positive for Theileria antibodies.
For confirming all above methods of diagnosis we had been used PCR
in which 275 cattle blood samples were examined after DNA extraction for
the presence of both Babesia or Theileria. The results revealed that positive
samples for Babesia were 24 sample (8.73%) and 60 sample (21.82%) were
positive for Theileria.
Also we compare between two methods of DNA extraction for
obtaining most accurate, easy and most economic method. The result
revealed that extraction with DNA extraction kit is rapid and give well clear
bands when examined for quality on gel but low concentration of DNA yield
an very expensive. Using manual chemical method, the result were nearly
clear bands on gel with high concentration of DNA yield and cheap method
but take longer time than kits. By examining the DNA yield from both
methods the results nearly similar.
By comparing the different methods of diagnosis we found that out of
158 cattle examined by three methods 12 samples were positive for blood
parasites by three methods of diagnosis (Direct smear, IFAT, PCR), 45
samples were positive by PCR and direct smear, 4 samples positive by PCR
and IFAT, 4 sample was positive by PCR only, and 41samples positive by
IFAT only. Biochemical assay of blood of positive samples by different methods of
diagnosis showed no significant relation ship between different methods of
diagnosis and biochemical assay of blood except in case of GGT there was
significant relation ship. So biochemical assay considered minor diagnostic
aid in cases of bovine Babesiosis or Theileriosis except GGT can used as an
aid in diagnosis beside ordinary methods.
from all obtained result we can conclude that:
The method of choice used for blood parasite diagnosis were blood
film examination unless it had been failed in diagnosis of chronic or
carrier cases.
The breed has significant relation to blood parasite infection as
foreign breeds most susceptible to infection than cross breeds than
local ones which show more resistance.
IFAT for blood parasite diagnosis was not accurate as it give an idea
about infection through antibodies detection not antigen.
PCR was the best method for diagnosis of blood parasite as it give
result more than other methods in case of carrier or chronically
infected animals.
DNA extraction using manual chemical method was a good method as
it more cheap and give nearly same results.
GGT show significant increase in case of recent infection which may
due to harmful effect of toxic metabolites of Theileria sp. and Babesia
spp. on liver cells which result in increasing of liver enzyme level.