الفهرس 
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Abstract
The function of hemoglobin is the transportation of oxygen from lungs to tissues for use in respiration, and the removal of CO2 from the tissues. In order for hemoglobin to fulfill its physiologic role, it must bind to oxygen with an appropriate degree of affinity.
Hemoglobinopathies are diseases that affecting the oxygen carrying capacity of hemoglobin. This work represents some biochemical studies on hemoglobin and two acquired hemoglobinopathies (acquired methemoglobin, and acquired carboxyhemoglobin).
The subject of this work were 146 children and adults divided to, 44 cases were school-age children (<8-14 years old) 25 males and 19 females, and 102 cases were adults (15-72 years old) 81 males and 21 females. All individuals under investigation were from urban and rural areas of Dakahlia governorate, Egypt. Any diseases were taken in consideration.
One ml of venous blood taken from each individual the samples were collected on heparin as anticoagulant, each sample of whole blood was used for determination of (hemoglobin concentration, methemoglobin percentage, and carboxyhemoglobin percentage) by using OSM3 hemoximeter.
The findings obtained in this study can be summarized as follows:
I- Hemoglobin:
1- The total hemoglobin concentration was varied significantly with age. Hemoglobin was found to be significantly lower in school- age children (<8-14 years), it was ranged between 12.0 ± 0.4 gm/dl and 12.6 ± 0.2
gm/dl, hemoglobin was then increased in adults (15-48 years), it
reached 14.5 ± 0.4 gm/dl, and in individuals aged (>48 years), it decreased again 13.8 ± 0.3 gm/d1.
2-No significant differences were observed in hemoglobin concentration between urban and rural individuals. It was 13.1, + 0.3 gm/dl in urban, . and it was 13.4 ± 0.2 gm/di in rural populations.
3-Highly significant differences were recorded in hemoglobin concentration between males and females. It was significantly higher in males 13.6 ± 0.2 gm/di than in females 12.6 ± 0.2 gm/d1.
4-In cancer patients, hemoglobin concentration was found to be significantly lower, it was 11.1 ± 1.8 gm/dl. Hemoglobin was increased in the rest of diseases to be almost normal. In patients of cataract, it was 15.6 + 0.6 gm/d1. In patients of rheumatoid arthritis, hepatitis, and diabetes, it was ranged between 13.4 ± 0.7 gm/d1, 13.6 ± 0.4 gm/dl, and 14.0 ± 0.4 gm/dl respectively. Hemoglobin was decreased in patients of tonsilitis and food poisoning, it was 12.0 + 0.3 gm/dl, and 12.1 ± 0.7 gm/di respectively, while, it was 13.6 + 0.2gm/d1 in normal individuals.
5-Hemoglobin concentration showed no significant difference between smokers and non smokers. It was 14.6 ± 0.2 gm/dl in non smokers, while it was 14.2 ± 0.2 gm/dl in smokers.
II- Methemoglobin:
1-The methemoglobin showed no significant differences between different age. It was 0.4 ± 0.1% in school-age children (<8-14 years), it was 0.6 ± 0.3%, 0.6 ± 0.2% and 0.5 ± 0.1% in matures aged 15-25, 26-36, and 37-47 years respectively, and it was 0.5 ± 0.2% in old aged individuals (>48 years old).
2-Methemoglobin in different locations showed a highly significant difference between urban and rural populations. It was higher in urban
areas that in rural areas, 0.9 ± 0.4% in urban, while it was 0.3 ± 0.03 in
rural.
3-No significant difference was recorded in methemoglobin percentage between males and females. It was 0.5 ± 0.2% in males, while it was 0.4 ± 0.2% in females.
4-Methemoglobin showed a highly significant difference only in food poisoning patients, it was 9.9 ± 4.3%. In other diseases there were no significant differences in methemoglobin percentages. It was 0.4 ± 0.04% in tonsilitis, 0.3 ± 0.04% in hepatitis 0.2 ± 0.1% in diabetes, 0.3 ± 0.1% in rheumatic arthritis, 0.2 ± 0.1% in cataract, 0.5 ± 0.1% in cancers, and it was 0.3 + 0.04% in normal individuals.
5-No significant difference was recorded in methemoglobin percentage between smokers, and non smokers. It was 0.5 ± 0.2% in non smokers, while it was 0.45 + 0.1% in smokers.
III- Carboxyhemoglobin:
1-Carboxyhemoglobin in different ages showed a highly significant difference between school-age children and adults. It was 0.6 ± 0.3% in (<8 years), 0.6 + 0.1% in (8-10 years), and 0.7 ± 0.1% in (11-14 years), while it was significantly increased in adults. It was 1.0 ± 0.2% in (15-25 years), 1.5 ± 0.2% in (26-36 years), 1.7 ± 0.5% in (37-47 years) and 1.5 ± 0.3% in old aged individuals (>48 years).
2-Carboxyhemoglobin in different locations showed no significant difference between urban and rural populations. It was 1.3 ± 0.1% in urban areas, while it was 1.4 ± 0.2% in rural individuals.
3-Highly significant difference was recorded between males and females. Males were significantly higher than females. Carboxyhemoglobin was 1.4 ± 0.2% in males, and 0.8 ± 0.1% in females.
4-Carboxyhemoglobin showed a highly significant difference between different diseases. It was higher in normal individuals 1.5 ± 0.2%, and in patients with hepatitis and diabetes, it was 1.2 ± 0.2% and 1.2 ± 0.4% respectively. Carboxyhemoglobin was decreased in rheumatic arthritis, cataract, and cancer patients, it was 0.9 ± 0.2%, 0.9 ± 0.2%, and 0.8 ± 0.3 respectively. It was also lower in food poisoning patients, it was 0.6 ± 0.1%, and in tonsilitis patients, 0.5 ± 0.1%.
5-Highly significant difference was recorded between smokers and non smokers. Smokers were significantly higher than non smokers, carboxyhemoglobin percentage was 2.5 + 0.4% in smokers compared with 0.7 + 0.04% in non smokers.
Some interactions between different agents (ages - locations - sexes -diseases-and smoking) were done to give more illustration for the above results as follows.
I) Interaction between ages and locations:
1-No significant difference was recorded in hemoglobin concentration between urban and rural populations of the same age, while there was a highly significant difference between children and adults.
2-Methemoglobin showed a highly significant difference between urban and rural individuals of the same age. Urban individuals were higher than rural.
3-Carboxyhemoglobin showed no significant difference between urban and rural individuals of the same age, while a highly significant difference was recorded between children (urban and rural) and adults (urban and rural).
II) Interaction between ages and sexes:
1-Hemoglobin concentration showed no significant difference between males and females of the same age, while significant difference was recorded between children and adults.
2-No significant difference could be observed in methemoglobin percentage between individuals of different ages and sex.
3-Carboxyhemoglobin showed a highly significant difference between adult males and children (males and females) aged (<8-14 years), and between adult males and adult females. It was higher in adult males than in other individuals.
III) Interaction between ages and diseases:
1-Hemoglobin showed a highly significant difference between food poisoning patient, cancer patients, and other diseases. It was significantly lower in food poisoning patient of high methemoglobinemia (18.6%) it was 10.7 ± 0.000 gm/dl, and it was also lower in cancer patients 11.1 ± 1.8 g/dl. Although it was normal in
other diseases.
2-Methemoglobin showed a highly significant difference in patients of food poisoning in different ages. It was 18.6 + 0.000 in patient of food poisoning aged (26-36), 5.7 ± 0.000 in (>48 years), and 5.4 ± 0.000 in patient of food poisoning (15-25 years).
3-Carboxyhemoglobin was significantly higher in hepatitis, and diabetes patient and it was also higher in normal adult individuals of all ages.
IV) Interaction between ages and smoking:
1- No significant differences could be observed in hemoglobin concentration between smokers and no smokers of the same age.
2-No significant difference in methemoglobin could be recorded between smokers and non smokers of different ages.
3-Carboxyhemoglobin showed highly significant difference between smokers and non smokers, it was higher in smokers of all ages than non smokers (children and adults).
V) Interaction between locations and sexes:
1-Hemoglobin showed no significant difference between urban and rural (males or females), although highly significant difference was observed between urban males and urban females and between rural males and rural females.
2-Methemoglobin showed highly significant differences between urban and rural areas. It was higher in urban (males and females) than in rural populations (males and females).
3-Carboxyhemoglobin showed a highly significant difference in males of urban and rural areas than in females of urban and rural areas.
VI) Interaction between locations and smoking:
1-No significant difference could be observed between non smokers (urban and rural) and smokers (urban and rural).
2-Methemoglobin was found to be significantly higher in urban (smokers and non smokers) than in rural (smokers and non smokers).
3-Carboxyhemoglobin was found to be significantly higher in rural smokers than in urban smokers, it was 2.8 + 0-.5% and 1.7 ± 0.3% respectively. No significant difference could be recorded between urban non smokers and rural non smokers.
VII) Interaction between sexes and smoking:
1-Hemoglobin was significantly higher in males (smokers and non smokers) than in females (smokers and non smokers).
2-No significant difference in methemoglobin percentage between males (smokers and non smokers) and females (sinokers and non smokers).
3-Carboxyhemoglobin was significantly higher in smokers males, it was 2.5 ± 0.4% and it was higher also in smokers females 1.5 ± 0.1%, while it was 0.6 ± 0.4% in non smokers males and 0.7 ± 0.1% in non smokers
females.
Correlation coefficients among different measurements in this study:
Significant negative correlation was recorded between methemoglobin and total hemoglobin (P < 0.05). No significant correlations could be observed between other measurements.