الفهرس 
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Abstract
This study was carried out on 25 dogs were allotted into 3 groups as follow: Group I: included two subgroups:
Subgroup A: included 5 dogs that were subjected to
experimentally-induced unilateral hydronephrosis.
Subgroup B: included 5 dogs (sham-operated dogs) as a
surgical control. Group II: included two subgroups:
Subgroup A: included 5 dogs that were injected with toxic
dose of gentarnicin. Subgroup B: included 5 dogs that were injected with therapeutic dose of gentamidin Group III: included 5 dogs were intoxicated by oral administration of ethylene glycol 95%. Clinical, hernatological, biochemical, pathological and
ultrasonographic studies were conducted for animals of each group. Evaluation of different methods of diagnosis was applied to detect the efficiency of each of them. The obtained results showed that: Results of the first group:
1- Clinical examination of dogs with surgically induced unilateral
hydronephrosis showed inappetance and intense lumbar pain (one week post-operative), then dogs showed no symptoms of disease but the enlarged left kidney could be palpated
2- Haematological examination: In dogs with induced unilateral
hydronephrosis, the mean value of PCV% was significantly increased reaching its maximal value in the 42~ day. The mean value of WBCs count was significantly increased in the 5th day post-operative gradually reaching its maximal value in the 42~ day post-operative. The mean value of neutrophil % was increased significantly while The mean value of lymphocyte % and monocyte %were significantly decreased.
3- Biochemical analysis of serum of dogs with surgically induced
unilateral hydronephrosis indicated significant decrease of albumin and total proteins reaching the minimal value in the 20th day and then increased gradually. The mean values of serum urea and creatinine were significantly increased in the 5th day post-operative then decreased gradually. The mean value of serum sodium was significantly decreased in the 5thi day post-operative then increased gradually.
4- Urine examination: The urine PH value decreased after 20 days post operative in dogs with unilateral hydronephrosis. The normal specific gravity value decreased to reach after 5 days post-operative. Protein, bilirubin and hematuria were found in urine of dogs with induced unilateral hydronephrosis from the 5thi day post-operative.
5- Ultrasonographic examination of the affected kidney in dogs with surgically-induced unilateral hydronephrosis, after 5 days post-operative, renal pelvis appeared as an echogenic ring with an anechoic centre. At 15 days post-operative, left kidney size was increased and the distended fluid-filled pelvis and ureter could be detected .At 20 days post-ligation, the surrounding parenchyrna became compressed and lost its normal architecture. At 25 days post-operative, the kidney length was significantly increased. At 30 days post-operative, the kidney increased in size and became a fluid—filled sac. At 42 days post-ligation, the kidney size decreased gradually.
6- Post-mortem examination of kidneys of dogs with surgically- induced unilateral hydronephrosis after 42 days pos-ligation revealed dilatation of ureter and renal pelvis of the left kidney. In addition, the affected left kidney, was enlarged in size, filled with urine, and showed dilatation of renal pelvis and calyces with severe atrophy of renal medulla, while the contralatral kidney appeared normal. Microscopically, examination of the affected kidneys revealed cystic dilatation of the renal tubules and
flattening of their lining epithelium. Degeneration of the lining epithelium of same renal tubules with presence of hyaline casts. Moreover, fibrous connective tissue proliferations with lymphocytic cellular aggregation in the interstitial tissue.
Results of the second group:
1-Clinical examination of dogs injected with therapeutic dose of
gentamicin showed no abnormal signs, while dogs injected with toxic dose of gentamicin, showed inappetance, polyuria, polydipsia, vomiting, diarrhea and dehydration, dyspnoea, anemia, dullness and ascitis.
2-I-Iaematological examination: The mean value of PCV% was
significantly increased in the 10th day of injection in dogs injected with toxic dose of gentarnicin. The mean value of Hb content and RBCs count were significantly decreased in the lO~ day of injection in dogs injected with toxic dose of gentamicin. The mean value of WBCs count was significantly increased in the 5 day of injection in dogs injected with toxic dose of gentamicin and highly significantly increased in the low day of injection in dogs injected with toxic dose of gentarnicin. The mean value of neutrophils % was significantly increased in the 1 01h day of injection in dogs injected with therapeutic dose of gentarnicin and reached its maximal value in the lO~ day of injection in dogs injected
with toxic dose of gentamicin. The mean values of lymphocytes % and monocytes % were significantly decreased in the 10Ih day of injection in dogs injected with therapeutic dose of gentamicin and reached their minimal value in the l0 day of injection in dogs injected with toxic dose of gentamicin.The mean value ofPCV% was significantly increased at 10 hours after ethylene glycol intoxication.
3- Biochemical analysis: In dogs injected with toxic dose of gentamicin,
the mean values of serum albumin and total proteins were significantly decreased at 5th and l0~ day of injection. The mean value of serum urea was significantly increased at 5th and 10w day of injection in dogs injected with toxic dose of gentamicin. The mean value of serum creatinine was significantly increased in the 5th and lO day of injection in dogs injected with toxic dose of gentamicin. The mean values of serum sodium and chloride were significantly decreased in the 51h day and 10111 day of
injection in dogs injected with toxic dose of gentamicin. The mean values of serum uric acid, serum potassium and phosphorus were significantly increased in the 5h11 day and 10th day in dogs injected with toxic dose of gentamicin. The mean value of serum calcium in dogs was significantly decreased at 5 day of injection and 101h day of injection injected with toxic dose of gentarnicin.
4- Urine examination: The urine PH value decreased in dogs injected with toxic dose of gentamicinThe normal specific gravity value decreased at and j0th day of injection in dogs injected with toxic and decreased after 4 hours and 10 hours of intoxication respectively. Protein, bilirubin and hematuria were found in urine of dogs injected with toxic dose of gentamicin at 5 and 10111 day of injection.
5-Ultrasonographic examination: Ultrasonographic examination of the
kidneys of dogs before injection revealed renal cortical echogenicity to be less than that of the adjacent liver and considerably less than that of the adjacent spleen. Renal medulla was anechoic with corticomedullary
junctions well-defined. While in case of dogs injected with therapeutic
dose of gentamicin showed no ultrasonographic changes after 5 and 10 days of injection. Meanwhile, in case of dogs injected with toxic dose of
gentamicin the ultrasonographic examination showed greater echogenicity of the renal cortex. These changes were more distinct after 10th day of injection characterized by appearance of intensive hyperechogenicity and complete loss of corticomedullary junction
6-Post-mortem examination of the affected kidneys of dogs injected with
therapeutic dose of gentamicin after 10th day of injection showed slight
paleness of the kidneys. Meanwhile, in case of dogs injected with toxic dose of gentamicin the macroscopic examination of the kidneys after 10111 day of injection showed diffuse grayish white areas with pale renal cortex and medulla with presence of large area of congestion at the corticomedullary junction. The histopathological examination of the kidneys of dogs injected with therapeutic dose of gentamicin showed slight microscopical lesions. Meanwhile in case of dogs injected with toxic dose of gentamicin the microscopic examination showed severe congestion of the renal blood vessels and intertubular blood capillaries particularly at the corticomedullary junction. Tubular nephrosis was prevalent particularly in the renal cortex.
Moreover, in the renal medulla, diffuse degeneration of the renal tubules in the form of vacuolar and hydropic degeneration was recorded.
Results of the third group:
1-Clinical examination of dogs intoxicated with ethylene glycol showed moderate depression, ataxia, nausea, vomiting, polyuria and polydipsia. Then, dogs were markedly ataxic, more depressed, also bradycardia was obvious.
2- Haernatological examination: The mean value of hemoglobin content and RBCs count were significantly decreased at 10 hours of intoxication. The mean value of WBCs count was significantly increased at 4 hours after intoxication and it was highly significantly increased at 10 hours after intoxication. The mean value of neutrophils % was significantly increased at 10 hours after intoxication. The mean value of lymphocytes % was significantly decreased at 4 and 10 hours after intoxication.
3- Biochemical analysis of serum: The mean values of serum albumin and total proteins were significantly decreased at 4~ and 10th hour after ethylene glycol intoxication. The mean values of serum urea, creatinine and potassium were not significantly increased during the 10 hours after intoxication. The mean value of serum uric acid was significantly increased at 4 hours and 10 hour of intoxication. The mean values of serum sodium, chloride and calcium were significantly decreased at hour after intoxication. The mean value of serum phosphorus was significantly increased at 4 hour and 10111 hour after intoxication
4- Urine examination: The urine P1-I value decreased after 10 hours of ethylene glycol intoxication. The normal specific gravity value decreased to after 4 hours and 10 hours of intoxication respectively. Protein, bilirubin and hernaturia were found in urine of ethylene glycol intoxicated dogs after 4 and 10 hours of intoxication.
5- Ultrasonographic examination: The ultrasonographic examination of the kidneys of dogs intoxicated with ethylene glycol after 4 hours of intoxication showed marked increase in cortical and medullary echogenicity to surpass that of the liver and approach that of the spleen. At 10 hours after intoxication there was marked increase in cortical and medullary echogenicity and relatively hypoechoic corticomedullary junction and central medullary regions
6- Post-mortem examination of the kidneys of dogs intoxicated with ethylene glycol after 10 hours of intoxication showed pale yellow and grayish white areas on their surface with reddish patches in the renal medulla. The histopathological examination of the kidneys revealed extensive degeneration of the lining epitheliurn of most renal tubules with congestion of the renal blood vessels in the renal medulla.
Conclusion : Ultrasound is non-invasive, rapid technique used for evaluation of renal parenchyrnal diseases. It is usually performed to assess the kidney abnormalities because important anatomic information concerning the size, shape, and internal architecture can be obtained even in the presence
of impaired renal function or abdominal fluid. Clinical signs and
accumulated laboratory data may not always point towards existing renal disease, which can be characterized further with u itrasonography. Therefore, it is necessary to combine the clinical examination with various laboratory tests and ultrasonogrphy during investigation of renal diseases in order to assess the functional efficiency of the kidneys.