الفهرس 
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Abstract
Our study was based on constructing 2 experiments:
1-Constructing a metabolic profile test :
It was done on 20 highly lactating,multipareous dairy cows at 2weeks(-14day) pre-calving,1 week(+7 days) and 3 weeks(+21day) post-calving to detect the metabolic changes that occur in the blood comoponents in dairy coe
ws during this crirical period of the productive cycle of dairy cow at which it changed from non-lactating,pregnant to lactating ,non-pregnant state.
Two blood samples from each cow were collected and treated As the following:
1-The first one contained anticoagulant (EDTA)which used for collection of unclotted blood for haematological analysis for estimating haemoglobin (gm/100m1) , PCV (%), RBCS coun (X106/100m1), WBCS count(X103/100m1) and differential
leucocytic count.
2-The second tube without anticoagulant in which the blood is left to coagulate at room temperature till the clot retracted , then centrifuged at 3000 r.p.m for 10 minutes to remove any residual blood cells then the clean non haemolyzed sera were transferred carefully to clean and sterile vials with stopper. These sera were stored at-
20C°.
These serum samples were used for estimating: Calcium , inorganic phosphorus ,Ca/Ph ratio, magnesium , sodium , potassium , total protein , albumin , globulin ( by subtracting the albumin from the total protein values ) ,A/G ratio, urea , glucose, cholesterol ,triglycerides and total bilirubin .
Our results revealed that: 1-Biochemical analysis:
1-Serum calcium and phosphorus was significantly decreased at the first week after calving than its level at the last 2 weeks before calving and the third week after
calving.
2-Serum magnesium level was lower but not significantly decreased in dry cows than in lactating cows.
3-Serum sodium level was significantly increased in the last 2 weeks prepartum than its level at the first and third week after calving,while serum potassium level was not significantly changed either before or after calving.
While the percentage of lymphocytes was significantly increased at the last 2 weeks before calving than its level at the first and third week after calving.The percentage of esinophils , basophils and monocytes were significantly increased at the first week after calving than their percentage at the last 2 weeks prepartum and the third week postpartum.
2-Experiement II: Some clinical and biochemical studies on downer cow syndrome with application of some treatment trials :
This experiment was done on 15 cows were diagnosed as suffering from downer cow syndrome either before or after calving.
Most of downers become recumbent in the late stage of pregnancy or after calving. The downer cows were recumbent on sternal or lateral recumbency. In sternal recumbency they were bright and alert, feed and drink normally. They urinate and defecate normally with normal rectal temperature(38-39C) unless there was other secondary infectious problem , the heart rate was not affected(55-80 per minutes) and there was normal respiratory rate(10-30 per minute). Fore limbs usually flexed under the thoracic region , one of hind limbs could be observed under the body and the other limb is extended out the body with extension of the fetlock which is difficult to be
flexed.
Some cows may become recumbent due to other problems as mastitis, metritis and lameness and these cows showed the clinical signs of such disease.
In some cows the signs may be more marked and include particularly a tendency to be in lateral recumbency with the head drawn back. When lifted and supported these cows become almost normal but when they are left alone, they always revert to the position of lateral recumbency within short time
Biochemical analysis of serum calcium, inorganic phosphorus, magnesium, sodium , potassium ,total protein albumin ,globulin , glucose and creatin kinase(CK) in case of downer cows was done then these results were compared with those of healthy cows included in the first experiment and our results revealed that those cows were suffered from hypocalcemia,hypophosphatemia,hypomagnesamia,hypokalamia and hypoglycemia. Also it showed significant decrease in serum total protein,albumin and globulin than in healthy cows included in our metabolic profile test.
4-serum level of total protein and albumin were significantly decreased at the last two weeks before calving and at the first week after calving, but its level is significantly increased at the third week after calving While serum globulin level was significantly decreased at the first week after calving than its level at the last 2 weeks before calving and the third week after calving.
5-Estimating the urea level showed that is mean value was significantly decreased in lactating cows at one and three weeks after calving than its level in dry cows at 2
weeks before calving.]
6-The mean value of total cholesterol level in cows under investigation showed a significant decrease in its level at the last 2 weeks before calving than at the first week after calving as compared with its level at the third week after calving ,while the mean value of serum triglycerides level showed no significant changes at the three stages of the production cycle in which their level at the last two weeks before parturition, at the first week after calving and at the third week after calving .The level of total bilirubin was significantly decreased after calving at the third week post-partum as compared with its level at the last 2 weeks prepartum and the first week
post partum. 2-Haematological analysis:
Regarding to the level of packed cell volume (PCV) it was significantly higher in peri-parturient cows at 2 weeks before calving than in post-parturient cows at the first and third week after calving.The mean value of haemoglobin was significantly lowered after calving in which its level at the first and third week after calving was,as compared with its level at 2 weeks before calving .The red blood cells count (RBCS count) was significantly decreased at the first week after calving as compared with its level at the last 2 weeks before calving and the third week postpartum
Regarding to the leucocytic count (WBCS count) it was significantly decreased at the last 2 weeks before calving and at the first week after calving and it significantly increased at the third week after calving .
Treatment trials were done and resulted in recovery of 40%of the affected cow, and the other cows were either died or slaughtered.
Recommendations:
from these results we could recommend that application of blood profiles during this critical period to avoid diseases and optimize the production.