الفهرس 
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Abstract
734 eggs (484 from balady hatcheries and 250 from modern
one) containing dead embryos at different embryonic phases and
60 samples from each of air, walls and floors of setters and
hatchers. These samples were collected from different hatqheries
at Behera Province and examined bacteriologicallyl and I
mycologicallyto correlate between the contamination of e sand
general hatchery sanitation which may lead to increase of d ad-inshell
eggs.
isolates from egg shells was 27.13% and from egg contents
was Q7.l30,...while its incidence was 48.8, 33.33 and
33.33% from air, walls and floors,respectively.
• E. coli was the most predominant bacterium at the modern
hatchery where its incidence was 28.57, 31.53, 50, 57 and
28% from egg shells, contents, air, walls and floors,
respectively.
• Salmonellae were isolated from egg contents of baladi
hatcheries only and could not be isolated from the modern
hatchery. Salmonellae were identified as Salmonella
gallinarum - pullorum and Salmonella typhimurium.
• Klebsiella pneumoniae was isolated from the egg shell and
content, and environment of baladi and modern hatcheries.
The high incidence was in air of modern hatchery where it
was 33.33%.
• Citrobacter freundii and Enterobacter aerogenes were
”isolatedfrom the egg with late dead embryo only where
they were isolated from the shell and contents of baladi
hatcheries at an ilacidence of 9.3 and 8.54% while from
modern hatchery tIley were 9.52 and 7.14%, respectively.
They were also +ted from the walls and floors but not
from air.
Pseudomonas a~inosa was isolated from baladi and
modern hatcherIP but not from the air of modern
l’ hatcheries. • Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from baladi hatcheries
only but was not isolated from modern ones where its
incidence was 13.95 and 12.6% from shells and egg
contents, respectively.
II. Mycological isolation and identification:
• The rate of fungal contamination of baladi hatcheries was
higher than that of modern one. Also, the rate of
contamination of egg shells was higher than that of egg
contents.
• Aspergillus niger was the most prevalent fungus isolated
from baladi and modern hatcheries. Its incidence from the
shell, egg contents, air, wall and floor samples of baladi
hatcheries was 30, 36.96, 17.12, 16.42 and 15.29%,
respectively. While, at modern hatchery was 27.67, 27.66,
17.86, 18.75 and 19.30%,respectively.
• Aspergillus flaws, Aspergillus fumiqatus and Aspergillus
terreus were isolated from shells and egg contents and
environment ofbaladi hatcheries and modern ones.
• Penicillium C1Jclopiumand Penicillium citrinum were isolated
from baladi and mIIlern hatcheries. • Cladosporium spp. and Fusarium spp, were isolated from
balac!j.hatcheries but not from modem ones.
• Geotrichum candidum. and Mucor were isolated from eggs
(shell and contents), walls and floors of baladi hatcheries
but onlywas isolated from floors of the modem hatcheries.
• Candida albicans was the most prevalent yeast isolated
from the environment of baladi and modern hatcheries. It
was isolated from the eggs with different percentages. Also,
Candida tropicalis could be isolated from baladi and
modem hatcheries.
• Rhodotorulla spp. was the most predominant yeast isolated
from the eggs of baladi and modem hatchery.
Good hygienic measures help ill minimizing the rate of
contamination and infection.