الفهرس 
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Abstract
Glucosamine (C6H13NO5) is an amino sugar and a prominent precursor in the biochemical synthesis of glycosylated proteins and lipids.. Glucosamine is part of the structure of the polysaccharides
chitosan and chitin, which compose the exoskeletons of
crustaceans and other arthropods, cell walls in fungi and many
higher organisms. Glucosamine is one of the most abundant
monosaccharides. It is produced commercially by the hydrolysis of
crustacean exoskeletons or, less commonly by fermentation of a
grain such as corn or wheat. In the US it is one of the most common
non-vitamin, non-mineral, dietary supplements used by adults. It is
used by the body to produce a variety of other chemicals that are involved
in building tendons, ligaments, cartilage, and the thick fluid that
surrounds joints. Joints are cushioned by the fluid and cartilage that
surround them.
This study was undertaken to study the role of glucoseamine
supplementation in both adult male and female Albino rats against
incidence of osteoporosis in addition to its other health promoting
functions.
The current study was performed on a total of Ninety eight (98)
white male and female albino rats were randomly allocated in seven male
groups and seven female groups each one contain seven rats, each
weighing of male 115 ± 5 g and female 150 ± 5 g . Rats were fed on
normal (basal) ration and water was provided ad libitum Rat groups as following:
• Male groups.
1. Group (1): (Control group): Fed on basal diet as normal group.
2. Group (2): Fed on diet free from (Calcium, Phosphorus, and
vitamin D).
3. Group (3): Fed on diet free from (Calcium, Phosphorus, and
vitamin D) plus 0.25% of glucosamine.
4. Group (4): Fed on diet free from (Calcium, Phosphorus, and
vitamin D) plus 0.50% of glucosamine.
5. Group (5): Fed on diet free from (Calcium, Phosphorus, and
vitamin D) plus 1.00% of glucosamine.
6. Group (6): Fed on diet free from (Calcium, Phosphorus, and
vitamin D) plus 1.50% of glucosamine.
7. Group (7): Fed on diet free from (Calcium, Phosphorus, and
vitamin D) plus 2.00% of glucosamine.
Female groups:
1. Group (1) (Control group): Fed on basal diet as normal group.
2. Group (2): Fed on diet free from (Calcium, Phosphorus, and
vitamin D).
3. Group (3): Fed on diet free from (Calcium, Phosphorus, and
vitamin D) plus 0.25% of glucosamine. 4. Group (4): Fed on diet free from (Calcium, Phosphorus, and
vitamin D) plus 0.50% of glucosamine.
5. Group (5): Fed on diet free from (Calcium, Phosphorus, and
vitamin D) plus 1.00% of glucosamine.
6. Group (6): Fed on diet free from (Calcium, Phosphorus, and
vitamin D) plus 1.50% of glucosamine.
7. Group (7): Fed on diet free from (Calcium, Phosphorus, and
vitamin D) plus 2.00% of glucosamine.
During the experimental period (28 days), the consumed diet was
recorded everyday food intake, and body weight was recorded every three
day. Biological evaluation of the different diets was carried out by
determination percentage of body weight gain (BWG %), food intake (FI)
and feed efficiency ratio (FER). At the end of the experiment, blood
samples were collected for using to determine the following parameters:
Complete Blood Count ( CBC ) (hemoglobin, red blood cells, blood
platelets and white blood cells ), liver enzymes (ALT and AST), kidney
functions (urea and u. acde), serum lipid profiles (Total cholesterol,
Triglycerides,, HDL-c, VLDL-c and LDL-c, ), bone and serum minerals
(Ca and P), serum glucose level, each rat was rapidly opened, the liver,
kidneys and spleen were removed, cleaned in saline solution and dried to
weighed and kept in formalin solution 10% and dried then weighed and
kept in formalin solution for histopathological examination. In addition to
length and weight of femur and X- ray examination. Statistical analysis
were performed by using computer program statistical package for social
science (SPSS), and compared with each other using the suitable tests.
ENGLISH SUMMARY
259
Results of the present study revealed the following:
1. Biological evaluation:
The results were showed that the highest value of body weight
gain% (BWG%) in male were for level six of glucosamine (Group of rats
were received 1.50 % of glucosamine) which showed very high
significant increased (P< 0.001) as compared to control Positive group.
While, the highest value in female of body weight gain% (BWG%) was
for level seven of glucosamine (Group of rats were received 2.00 % of
glucosamine) which showed very high significant increased (P< 0.001) as
compared to control Positive group.
The results were illustrated that the highest value of food intake
(FI) in male and female were for level seven of glucosamine (Group of
rats were received 2.00 % of glucosamine) which showed very high
significant increased (P< 0.001) as compared to control Positive group.
The results were revealed that the highest values of feed efficiency
ratio (FER) in male were for level three of glucosamine (Group of rats
were received 0.25 % of glucosamine) which showed very high
significant increased (P< 0.001) than control Positive group. While, the
highest value in female of feed efficiency ratio (FER) was for level five
of glucosamine (Group of rats were received 1.00 % of glucosamine)
which showed very high significant increased (P< 0.001) as compared to
control Positive group. 2. Biochemical analysis
2.1. Complete Blood Count ( CBC ).
The results were revealed that the lowest values of hemoglobin in
male and female were for level four of glucosamine (Group of rats were
received 0.50 % of glucosamine), which showed significant decreased
(P< 0.05) as compared to control Positive group. While, levels three in
female and six in male (Groups of rats were received 0.25 and 1.50 %
respectively of glucosamine) which showed significant decreased
(P< 0.05) as compared to control Positive group in red blood cells and
white blood cells. Whereas, the lowest value of blood platelets for level
three in female and seven in male (Group of rats were received 0.25 and
2.00 % respectively of glucosamine) which showed significant decreased
(P< 0.05) as compared to control Positive group.
2.2. liver enzymes.
The results were showed that the lowest values of AST and ALP
were received 1.00 in male, 0.25 in female 2.00 in male and 1.00 %
respectively in female of glucosamine, which showed significant
decreased (P< 0.05) as compared to control Positive group.
2.3. kidney functions.
The results were illustrated that the lowest values of urea were
received 0.25 in male and 1.00% in female while u.acid the lowest values
were received 1.5 % in male and female of glucosamine which showed
significant decreased (P< 0.05) as compared to control Positive group. 2.4. lipid profiles.
The results were revealed that the lowest values of total
cholesterol, Triglycerides, VLDL-c, and LDL-c were received 0.50 in
male, 1.50 in female, 1.00 in male, 0.25 in female, 1.5 and 1.00 in male,
0.25 in female and 0.5 in male and 0.25 % respectively in female of
glucosamine which showed significant decreased (P< 0.05) as compared
to control Positive group. Whereas, groups 6 in male and 7 in female
illustrated highest value for HDL-c, which point to very high significant
increased (P< 0.001) as compared to control Positive group.
2.5. serum and bone minerals (Ca and P).
The results were revealed that the highest values of serum calcium,
serum phosphorus, bone calcium and bone phosphorus, were for level six
of glucosamine (Groups of rats were received 1.50 % of glucosamine)
which showed very high significant increased (P< 0.001) as compared to
control Positive group.
2.6. serum glucose level.
The results were illustrated that the lowest values of serum glucose
level were received 2.00% of glucosamine in male and female which
showed significant decreased (P< 0.05) as compared to control Positive
group.
3. Evaluation of organs weight:
The results were illustrated that the lowest values of relative liver
weight were received 0.25 in male and 1.50 % of glucosamine in female.
While, kidney relative weight were received 0.25 % of glucosamine in
male and female. Whereas, spleen relative weight were received 1.50 % >of glucosamine in male and female. The results were showed significant
decreased (P< 0.05) as compared to control Positive group.
4. Length and weight of femur:
The results were showed that the highest values of Length and
Weight of femur were received 1.50 in male, 1.00 in female,1.50 in male
and.50% respectively of glucosamine which showed very high significant
increased (P< 0.001) as compared to control Positive group.
5. X- ray examinations:
The results were revealed that the highest values of X- ray
examination were received 1.00 in female and 1.50% in female of
glucosamine which showed significant increased as compared to control
Positive group.
6. Histopathological examinations:
from histopathological results, liver, kidney and spleen sections of
all treated rats showed an improvement of structure changed as compared
to (C +ve) group.