الفهرس 
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Abstract
This experiment was carried out at the Experimental Station of National Research Centre ,Dokki ,Egypt,Giza, during two successive seasons (2007/2008 and 2008 /2009) and aimed to evaluate the physiological growth, biomass production, biochemical indicators and active constituents of Withania somnifera L. under different mineral fertilization treatments ( control , NPK 1, NPK 2 ,NPK 3) amended with active dry yeast as foliage spray at three concentrations ( control , 3g /l. and 6 g/ l.) as well as to evaluate the plant under two different sowing dates ( March and September) . br Seeds of Withania somnifera were obtained -#102;-#114;-#111;-#109; Horticultural College and Research Institute/Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore (T.N.), India. br For cultivation ,earthenware pots No.30 were washed and each pot was filled with 10 kg air dried soil , Organic fertilizer as manure was added at a constant rate with soil before cultivation. About ten ashwagandha seeds were sown per pot in 18 and 16 March , 23 and 26 September in both seasons respectively, the irrigation requirements were regularly fulfilled throughout the experimental period. Every treatment contained three replicates and each replicate contained five pots . After (45) days -#102;-#114;-#111;-#109; sowing the seedlings were thinned, -#119;-#104;-#101;-#114;-#101; two seedling were left /pot . br The nitrogen fertilizers as ammonium sulphate was added at four different levels ( 0, 100, 200 or 300 kg /fed.)(two equal doses ) after 45 days -#102;-#114;-#111;-#109; planting and the second addition was done one month later , calcium super phosphate ( 15.5 % P2O5) fertilizers was added before the cultivation. On the other hand , ammonium sulphate (20 % N) and potassium sulphate (48% K2O) were divided into two equal partitions. br The 1st was added one after 45 days -#102;-#114;-#111;-#109; the cultivation and the 2nd amonth later -#102;-#114;-#111;-#109; the 1st one. br The minerals treatment : br 1- Control (without fertilization). br 2- NPK 1 = 100kg ammonium sulphate (20%N) + 100kg calcium super phosphate ( 15.5 % P2O5) + 50 kg potassium sulphate (48% K2O) per fed. (2.5g/pot) br 3- NPK 2 (5g/pot)= 200kg ammonium sulphate (20%N) + 200kg calcium super phosphate (15.5 % P2O5) +100 kg potassium sulphate (48% K2O). 2 per fed. (5g/pot) br 4- NPK 3 (7.5g/pot) = 300kg ammonium sulphate(20%N) + 300kg calcium super phosphate ( 15.5 % P2O5) +150 kg potassium sulphate (48% K2O). per fed. (7.5g/pot) br The active dry yeast treatments : br 1 . Control ( without spray) br 2. (3 g / l.) active dry yeast . br 3. (6 g / l.) active dry yeast . br The active dry yeast was sprayed in three doses as the first one after 45 days -#102;-#114;-#111;-#109; cultivation , second one once month after the first and the third dose was once month later. br The interaction treatments were as follows : br 1. Control ( without fertilization). 2. NPK 1 + yeast zero br 3. NPK 2 + zero yeast 4. NPK 3 + yeast zero br 5. Yeast 3 g/l. 6. NPK 1 + yeast 3 g/l. br 7. NPK 2 + yeast 3 g/l. 8. NPK 3 + yeast 3 g/l. br 9. yeast 6g /l . 10 . NPK 1 + yeast. 6g /l br 11. NPK 2 + yeast 6g /l 12 . NPK 3 + yeast 6g /l br The plants were harvested after 6 menthes in 12 and 14 September and 22 and 24 March in both seasons respectively, br The vegetative growth and yield parameters were estimated at the end of experiment after six months -#102;-#114;-#111;-#109; cultivation. br Data were recorded for plant height (cm), number of branches /plant, weight of fresh and dry herb (g/plant), , weight of fresh and dry root /(g) plant , root length (cm) and root diameter(mm) , seed yield g/plant and kg/fed , seed index , Also determining, total alkaloid %, , total steroidal lactons ( withanolids %) , and, total flavonoids % , total carbohydrate % and NPK % were also determined. br The data for the two growing seasons were tabulated and statistically analyzed using S.A.S program according the method of split-split plot design. br The main results could be summarized as follows: br 1-Effect of sowing date : br The highest growth parameters were obtained -#102;-#114;-#111;-#109; the sowing date in September comparing to sowing date in March , there were significant increments in plant height(cm) , number of branches /plant , fresh and dry weights for herb and fresh weight of root (g/plant),dry root (kg/fed.), root length ,root diameter, number of berries/plant, seed yield (g/plant and kg/fedden ),weight of 1000 seeds , september sowing date whereas all of these parameters decreased in the another sowing date in March . br Sowing date had insignificant effect on N, P and K (%), flavonoide, protein (%)in herb and root. br Sowing date had significant effect on percentage of active ingredient (total alkaloids and withanoloide) in herb and root. br The chemical composition for herb and root of Indian ginseng such as carbohydrate (%) and chlorophyll (mg/g/f.w ) plants increased in September while decreased in March. br 2 - Effect of Active dry yeast : br Increasing active dry yeast -#102;-#114;-#111;-#109; different concentration (control , 3. and 6g/l.) significantly increased on plant height, fresh and dry weight of herb, yield of dry root/plant and/fed, root length , also we noticed that number of berries/plant were increased when plants were sprayed with 6g/l. active dry yeast followed by the concentration of 3g/l. yeast compared to control (without yeast). br Moreover, some of the bio-chemical substances and active ingredients were increased with increasing the used concentration of active dry yeast. br 3 - Effect of mineral fertilization : br Applying mineral fertilization significantly increased growth parameters of Withania somnifera plants, whereas the rate of NPK 2 and NPK3 gave the maximum vegetative growth parameters i.e. plant height, number of branches, fresh and dry weight for herb and root, root length, root diameter, and yield components (seed yield g/plant and kg/ fed.) followed by the rate of NPK 3 compared to the control ,while the rate of NPK1 decreased vegetative growth parameters , root parameters. Chemical composition of. total carbohydrates (%), total alkaloids (%) , total flavonoids (%) and N,P,K(%) were increased with the treatment of NPK2 br While the total steroidal lactone (withanolids %) was increased when the plants were fertilized with NPK1 and decreased with the increment of mineral fertilization. br 4- Effect of the interaction between sowing date and chemical br fertilization: br The interaction between sowing date and mineral fertilizers significantly affected production of the Indian ginseng plant . br The plants which received NPK2 and cultivated in September recorded the maximum of vegetative growth parameters , root parameters and yield components , chemical composition followed by the rate of NPK 3 in the same sowing date compared to the rate of NPK1 and control. br However the minimum growth and production parameter of Withania somnifera plant were obtained when cultivated in March without fertilization . br The total steroidal lactone (withanolids %) increased when the plants were fertilized with NPK1 during September sowing date and decreased with the increment of mineral fertilization during either March or September. br 5- Effect of the interaction between active dry yeast and chemical br fertilization: br Regarding the effect of interaction ,the highest mean values of plant height (cm), number of branches /plant, weight of fresh and dry herb (g/plant), weight of fresh and dry root /(g) plant , root length (cm) , seed yield , seed index , also, total alkaloids (%), and total flavonoids (%) , total carbohydrates (%) and N and K % were obtained in plants fertilized with mineral fertilizers at the dose of either NPK 2 or NPK3 and sprayed with 6g/l. active dry yeast followed by those treated with the same mineral fertilizer levels and amended with 3g/l. yeast. br All chemical composition parameters including. total carbohydrates (%) , total alkaloids (%), , total flavonoids (%) and NPK (%) were increased with the treatment of NPK2 amended with 6g/l active dry yeast. br However the maximum total steroidal lactone (withanolids%) was obtained -#102;-#114;-#111;-#109; fertilized plants with the lowest rate of mineral fertilizer (NPK1) and sprayed with 6g/l yeast extract. br 6. Effect of the combination between sowing date and active dry br yeast: br Interaction treatments between sowing date and active dry yeast showed significant effects on plant height (cm), number of branches /plant, weight of fresh and dry herb (g/plant), weight of fresh and dry root /(g) plant , root length (cm) and root diameter(cm) , seed yield , seed index , also, total alkaloids (%) , total withanolids ,and total flavonoids(%) ,total carbohydrats (%), N(%) While had insignificant effect on PK %. br That the best treatment was sowing date in September and treated plants with 6g/l. active dry yeast followed by the same sowing date and amended with 3g/l. yeast when , compared to the plants sown in March under the same active dry yeast level . br 7. Effect the combination treatments between NPK and yeast under br different sowing dates: br Concerning the interaction effect of sowing date , yeast and mineral fertilizers , there was a significant effect on production of the Indian ginseng plant . br We observed that , the highest mean values of plant height (cm), number of branches / plant, weight of fresh and dry herb (g/plant), weight of fresh and dry root /(g) plant , root length (cm) and root diameter (cm),seed index, Also , total alkaloids (%), total flavonoids (%) , total carbohydrates (%)were obtained in case of sowing date in September and fertilizing with mineral fertilizers at level of either NPK2 or NPK3 and sprayed with 6g/l active dry yeast followed by 3g/l yeast. br This interaction had no significant effect on total chlorophyll and carotinoid. br The best treatment for total withanolids (%) was obtained -#102;-#114;-#111;-#109; sowing date in September and treated plants with NPK1 and 6g/l. active dry yeast followed by the same sowing date and amended with NPK1 and br 3g/l yeast when , compared to the plants sown in March under the same conditions. br HPLC analysis : br -#102;-#114;-#111;-#109; HPLC analysis we found that the amount of withaferin A (mg/ml) was increased in the methnolic extract -#102;-#114;-#111;-#109; root of plants cultivated in September than the another sowing date in March . br The amount of withaferin A was higher in the root than in the herb br The antimicrobial experiment : br The antibacterial activity of the Withania somnifera root and herb extracts was tested against Escherichia coli (Gram negativeve bacteria), Bacillus subtilis (Gram positiveve bacteria), Staphylococcus aureus using nutrient agar medium. br The antifungal activity of the extracts was tested against Candida albicans. br The herb and root different extract, of Withania somnifera showed activity against the microorganisms especially -#102;-#114;-#111;-#109; root. br Only the water extract -#102;-#114;-#111;-#109; herb was not effective against any of the microorganisms and the methanolic extracts are recommended.