الفهرس 
VOCAL FOLD INJECTION (APPROXIMATION LARYNGOPLASTY)Only 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Office-based laryngeal procedures are well-tolerated, safe, and can be used to treat a wide variety of laryngeal pathology. Technologic advancements have allowed for these procedures to flourish and develop. Appropriate surgeon training and experience, along with careful patient selection and preparation, is essential to maximize success and reduce the incidence of complications.
Office-based VFI are indicated for patients with glottal insufficiency. Techniques and materials vary, although reported outcomes are favorable regardless of approach or injection material.
Also office-based laryngeal surgeries are indicated for management of some MAPLS (Minimal Associated Pathological Lesions); such as laryngeal cysts, Reinkeʼs edema and hemorrhagic polyp, and in some organic disorders like recurrent respiratory papillomas, vascular lesions and glottal leukoplakia/dysplasia
Also botulinum toxin injections are effective treatment of numerous laryngeal disorders such as spasmodic dysphonia. Adequate physician training and appropriate patient selection and preparation are essential to ensuring safe and successful injections.
Effective and safe application of topical anesthetics is a prerequisite. Topical lidocaine in the laryngopharynx and nasal application of tetracaine can provide adequate anesthesia for majority of the office-based procedures, but the potential complications associated with these local anesthetics must be clearly understood and anticipated. The toxicity threshold may be lower for those with systemic medical problems.
Avoidance of general anesthesia, and low complication rates have made office-based surgery the standard treatment for patients all over the word.