الفهرس 
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Abstract
The River Nile is the longest river in the world. The length of the Nile from its remote
resources to its mouth in the Mediterranean Sea is 6695 km long. The river basin has an
area of about 3.11 million km
2
. The main sources of the Nile Basin are The Equatorial
Lakes (Albert, Edward, George, Kyoga and Victoria), the Ethiopian plateau (Sobat, Blue
Nile, Atbara Rivers) and Bahr El Ghazal.
Ethiopian plateau supplies about 85% of the average yearly flow of Nile River estimated
at Aswan and the remaining comes from the Equatorial lakes.
The aim of this study is to establish a flood mapping system for the Blue Nile to be
available to the decision makers with regard to flood management. Flood forecasting is
vital since it can help in reducing the harmful consequences
of flood damage especially
at the downstream areas. Blue Nile has been selected as a study area due to its
importance to the Nile River flow.
The advances in numerical methods and computer technologies have resulted in the
development of
many mathematical models which can be used for hydraulic simulation
of
flood. These simulations usually include the prediction of the extent of flood and its
depth along a river system. Also Deduction and use of hydraulic parameters (e.g. water
levels, flooding-areas) from satellite-images may improve real-time flood forecasting
models by comparing them with calculated
parameters (data-assimilation).
In order to study the flood in these areas, HEC-GEORAS through Arc GIS has been
applied on the DTM, then applying HEC-RAS on selected reaches on the Blue Nile
inside Ethiopia and also for the reach between El Deim- Rosieres inside Sudan.
Study results shows that there are no flooding areas inside Ethiopian frontiers along the
Blue Nile since the terrain is mountainous but the part near the Sudanese border has
some flooded area due it’s mild slope, but for the reach between El Diem & Roseires
Dam, there are some flooded areas near El Roseires due to the backwater curve of Dam
Egypt is one of the developing countries that face great challenges to encounter
expected water crisis. Limited water resources represented in fixed share of the Nile
River water and the increase in water demand as a result of the rapid increase of
population are the main reasons for water shortage. The expansion in agricultural area and the industrial growth require developing new sources of water or at least providing
efficient management of available water resources.
Irrigation Improvement Project IIP was introduced to improve the social and economic
conditions of Egyptian farmers through the development and use of improved irrigation
water management to increase crop production. Also to promote efficient water use in
irrigation and a more equitable distribution of water by establishing continuous flow and
on-demand access to water.
This study aims to introduce an efficient procedure in evaluating the performance of
branch canals and Mesqas in W10 command area in Kafr El-SheikhGovernorate (one of
the areas that faces water shortages in Egypt) after the implementation of the agreed
advanced design criteria for the irrigation improvement strategy. The results were
compared to the results obtained by WMRI evaluation study in the same area.
The study showed thatquestion of whether or not continuous flow actually reduces or
increases gross water demands at branch canal level is complex and controversial.
There appears to be a widely held belief, or at least fear, among Irrigation Sector
operating staff that continuous flow requires more water, and this is one reason why
continuous flow has still not been properly introduced in improved areas.
Adequacy of water supply was assessed for El-Mofty regulator on Meet-Yazid irrigation
canal-Middle Delta Region, Shalma intake, and at the head regulator of the three branch
canals of W10 area, these assessments was based on the relative irrigation supplyRIS
value (ratio between theoretical water requirements and actual water supply). According
to the findings of the study area of the annual and monthly water supply and RIS; the
values indicate that there was sufficient water given to W10 area but the wrong way of
supply schedule led to severe water shortage in some periods.
Evaluating the water flow condition at the end of W10 canals indicated that there is no
effective flow between canals and drains in the majority of the canals.