الفهرس 
Basic Anatomy of the AbdomenOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Blunt abdominal injuries are present in most cases of multiply injured patients and represent the most common type of abdominal trauma.
Early identification of significant intra-abdominal injuries is necessary for the successful management of blunt abdominal trauma, because delay in diagnosis can lead to significant morbidity and mortality.
The key determinant for the choice of the appropriate investigation or management of solid organ injuries following blunt abdominal trauma is the haemodynamic stability of the patient.
Patients who are unstable with haemoperitoneum detected by FAST or positive DPL require a laparotomy, while in the haemodynamically stable patients, CT is the investigation of choice.
There has been an evolution in the importance of CT findings in blunt abdominal trauma patients. Although therapeutic decisions cannot be based on radiologic findings alone, but always depend primarily on clinical parameters and any concomitant extra-abdominal injuries, the information provided by CT at admission may greatly facilitate patient management.
CT-based grades of liver, splenic and renal injuries made it possible to predict the outcome of conservative management. Abdominal ultrasonography has proved to be of little value in deciding the possibility of conservative treatment due to inability to detect the grade of solid organ injury.
Solid organ injuries graded from I-III in haemodynamically stable patients are expected to benefit from conservative management, thus minimizing the morbidity and mortality associated with un-necessary non-therapeutic laparotomy in multiply injured patients.
Non-operative management of solid organ injury has become the standard of care in haemodynamically stable multiply injured patient in whom hollow viscus injury can be excluded with reasonable confidence.
ERCP is an important tool in the overall management of pancreatic and biliary tract injuries. It is able to provide real-time diagnostic images and allow guided intervention.
Interventional radiology (e.g. Angioembolization) is likely to play an increasing role in management of blunt abdominal trauma patient.
Despite these developments, a small number of patients with catastrophic intra-abdominal injuries will continue to require immediate and skilled surgical intervention combined with expert resuscitation, putting in mined the lethal triad of hypothermia, acidosis and coagulopathy and apply the concept of damage control.
Finally, all these methods led to improve prognosis and decrease morbidity & mortality caused by blunt abdominal trauma (BAT).