الفهرس 
ANATOMY OF VENOUS SYSTEM OF THE LOWER LIMB AND IVCOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Deep venous thrombosis is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. It has been estimated that the yearly incidence of deep venous thrombosis is high and many individuals die annually from pulmonary emboli. In addition to early risk of pulmonary emboli, later morbidity may develop from recurrent thrombosis and post thrombotic syndrome.
Endovascular deep venous thrombosis thrombolysis offers the potential to provide faster relief of presenting deep venous thrombosis symptoms and to prevent post-thrombotic syndrome and its associated major disability.
Urgent thrombolysis is required to treat phlegmasia cerula dolens or progressive inferior vena cava thrombosis.Thrombolysis may also be useful to prevent post thrombotic syndrome. Thrombolysis alone, mechanical devices alone, or a combination can be used; also can insert stent in the thrombotic part.
To confirm that existing percutaneous methods of treating acute deep venous thrombosis indeed produce favorable outcomes, we urgently need supporting randomized clinical trials. Until they are completed, a highly individualized approach to patient selection optimizes clinical benefit.
Contemporary venous thrombectomy has substantially improved early and long-term results for patients with extensive DVT compared to the initial reports. Recent reports of those performing venous thrombectomy and the long-term results of the large Scandinavian randomized trial confirm significant benefit compared to anticoagulation alone. Therefore, vascular surgeons should include contemporary venous thrombectomy as part of their routine operative armamentarium and offer it to patients with IFDVT who cannot receive catheter-directed techniques for thrombus removal.
Iliac vein stenting has emerged as a powerful new mini¬mally invasive technique for treatment of a wide spec¬trum of advanced venous disease. The procedure is safe and effective. As a result, it can be applied to a wider spectrum of patients, including those of advanced age and with comorbidities, which is not possible with traditional open techniques.