الفهرس 
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Abstract
Lipoic acid is powerful naturally occurring antioxidant, it has important functions where it scavenges reactive oxygen species and chelate transition metals. It has the ability to oxidize reduced antioxidants and also able to regenerate other endogenous antioxidants such as vitamins C and E. α-lipoic acid has been described to have a role in decreasing the appetite. It also affects lipid profile through its effect on some enzymes which are important regulators of lipid metabolism.
Metabolic syndrome is widely spread health problem. It includes many risk factors like insulin resistance, abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension. It increases the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disorders.
Metabolic syndrome is always associated with increased visceral adipose tissue. Adipose tissue is metabolically active organ where it is involved in many metabolic processes. Main secretory products of adipose tissue are free fatty acids. When visceral adipose tissue increases this leads to increased circulating free fatty acids leading to dyslipidemia and insulin resistance of metabolic syndrome.
Adipokines (like apelin, leptin, resistin, visfatin) are secretory factors released from adipose tissue. Visceral adipose tissue produces adipokines which are strongly associated with cardiovascular disorders while subcutaneous tissue mostly produces protective ones.
The adipokine apelin is endogenous ligands for GPCR named Agtrl1. It is expressed in many organs like heart, brain, lungs, and pancreatic islet cells, stomach, placenta and breast. It has different functions in the body where it has a rule in regulation of glucose homeostasis, cardiovascular development and homeostasis. Moreover it is found to decrease adiposity.
Insulin resistance is decreased response of insulin sensitive tissues to normal insulin levels. This leads to hyperglycemia which causes inturn compensatory increase in beta cell secretion leading to hyperinsulinemia. If this condition is continued for a long period without treatment this will lead to beta cell failure leading to type 2 diabetes.
Fructose is present in added sugars, honey and fruits. Fructose is more lipogenic and has higher glycemic index than glucose. Fructose consumption is associated with different features of metabolic syndrome like increased visceral adiposity, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance.
The present study aimed to investigate the possible protective effect of α lipoic acid as an antioxidant on disturbances of body fat distribution, glucose homeostasis, lipid profile, and its effect on apelin level in high fructose induced metabolic syndrome in rats.
The present study was carried on 30 adult male albino rats, with body weight of approximately 140-170 grams. The period of the experiment was 8 weeks.