الفهرس 
Materials and mithodsOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
nspite of increasing knoldge concerning human mycotoxicosis, the majority of data avaliable on mycotoxins and mycotoxicosis have been obtained from veterinary medicine,so we tried to approaches the evaluation of the health risks due to the presence of mycotoxins in food and feed products. The First Part :
In the current study we examined one thousand,nine hundreds and fifty samples of baby foods, child foods, adult foods and animal feeds (300,500,850, and 300 samples respectively) from different localities in Greater Cairo. We found that ochratoxin A represented the most prevalent mycotoxin (47%), followed by aflatoxin Bi (41.69%), aflatoxin Bi+ ochratoxin A (17.23%) ,aflatoxin Gi(9%), aflatoxin Gi+ ochratoxin A (2.85%) then aflatoxin Mi(2.31%) .
The overall positive samples was 1300 samples (66.66%),49 samples of baby foods (16.33%), 285 samples of child foods (57%),850 samples of adult foods (85.06%) and 243 samples of animal feeds (81%) were contaminated with mycotoxins . from six types of analyzed baby foods, 32%, 34% and 32% of examined samples of Baby food 1,2 and 3 respectiveley were found to be contaminated with 88.88± 1.82, 90.24 ±1.32 and 91.80 ±1.24 ug ochratoxin A/kg respectively. Regarding the child foods, potaop slids with flavour of chicken with kan-i and corn food with cheese represented the highest highest degree of contamination which is 100% (ochratoxin A and aflatoxin Bi respectively) while 50% of each of the following were found to be contaminated with ochratoxin A, aflatoxin B 1, aflatoxin Gi and aflatoxin B 1 with ochratoxin A respectively :(corn food,corn food with cheese), (corn food,sweet corn food),potato slids with salt and corn food with cheese.
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Moreover,in adult food 100% of examined samples of Cocktail jam was found to be contaminated with ochratoxinA, aflatoxin Bi, aflatoxin Biwith ochratoxin A; 80% of examined minced beef and black bread at room temperature were found to be contaminated with ochratoxin A while 20% of black bread at refregerator was found to be contaminated with ochratoxinA ; 40% and 60% of black and fino bread at room temperature were found to be contaminated with aflatoxin Biwhile at refregerator temperature 20% and 20% of black and fino bread were found to be contaminated with aflatoxin B 1; 83% of examined fig jam were contaminated with ochratoxin A. While in adult foods 17,7,8 and 10 samples (34%,14%,16% and 20% respectively) of roasted coffee beans,powdered coffee, white corn and cocktail jam respectively reached the maximium permissible limit according to the Egyptian standerization for quality control (1990) which equal to 10 ug aflatoxin B 1 /kg but 9 and 20 samples(18% and 40% respectively) of white corn and cocktail jam respectively had douple the Egyptian stander and 20 samples (40%) of cocktail jam contained 1.3 times as the Egyptian stander. Moreover, 10 samples(10%) of yellow corn reached the maximium permissible limit for the Egyptian stander. The Second Parma
The highest concentration of ochratoxin A was 133.33 ug/kg and the highest concentration of aflatoxin B I was 20 ug/kg. This concentrations encourged us to do a biological investigation to evaluate the effects of these concentrations of mycotoxins present in the foods using day old chickens in experimental model. The chickens were classified into 5 groups :
The first group dosed aflatoxin B1(0.2 ug/chick/day),
The second group dosed ochratoxin A (1.33 ug/chick/day) and The third group was given aflatoxin B i with ochratoxin A
While the fourth and fifth groups were kept as a controle,for six
weeks.
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Regarding the effects of aflatoxin B , ochratoxin A and their combination on chickens the following parameters were studied :
* The nutritional aspects:
we notcied that both reduced growth rate and lowered body weight, feed intake,feed conversion ratio,feed efficiency and body
gain.
* Relative organ weight :
Aflatoxin B 1 reduced the relative weight of liver, spleen, thymus, bursa of Fabricius but increased the relative weight of heart, brain, kidney, gizzard and proventriculus. Ochratoxin A produced a decrease in relative weight of liver, heart, spleen, thymus, bursa of Fabricius, kidney and gizzard but increase in relative weight of brain and proventriculus. Dosing aflatoxin Bi+ ochratoxin A decreased relative weight of liver, spleen, thymus, bursa of Fabricius and increased relative weight of heart, brain,kidney, gizzard and proventriculus.
*Haematological Picture :
Aflatoxin Bi, ochratoxin A and their combination produced macrocytic hypochromic anaemia and lower RBCs, WBCs, Hb, PCV, MCHC but increase MCV and MCH .
* Immunological Examinations :
{1 }Aflatoxin Bi, ochratoxin A and their combination produced lowered the haemagglutining antibodies againest NDV.
{2}Both mycotoxins either separate or in combination produced lymphocytopenia, monocytopenia,basopenia eosinopenia and heterophilia.
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{3}Also, treatment with both mycotoxins resulted in lowered level of serum protein,albumin, globulins
Oland also decreased the level of serum IgG,IgA and 1gM.
* Liver function tests :
Aflatoxin Bi increased the level ALP, GOT, GPT. * Kidney functio tests :
Aflatoxin Bi increased the level of uric acid and creatinine while ochratoxin A increased the level of serum uric acid and creatinine but lowered the level of urea.
* Gross Pathology :
Haemorrhagic areas on pale liver and intestine with congestion of enlarged gall bladder, enlarged bursa of Fabricius and thymus, were noticed in chickens treated with both mycotoxins. After six weeks, atrophy of the bursa of Fabricius with necrotic foci on the hepatic surface were noticed. Moreover, red spots on pale renal surface were noticed in case of ochratoxin A .
* Histopathological examination :
Hyperplasia of the epithelium lining the bile duct and lymphocytic celluar infiltration of hepatic parenchyma were observed in all treated groups. Congestion of central veins was noticed in group dosed aflatoxin Bi, and portal blood vessels was seen in group dosed ochratoxin A. Mild degeneration of hepatocytes was observed in groups dosed ochratoxin A and aflatoxin B1 with ochratoxin A.
Congestion of the renal blood vessels was shown in groups treated with ochratoxin A and aflatoxin B i with ochratoxin A. Vaccular degeneration of renal tubular epithelium and focal
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haemorrhages were noticed in groups treated with aflatoxin 131 with ochratoxin A, while pyknosis of nuclei of some renal tubular epithelium and hypercellularity of glomeruli were seen in groups treated with aflatoxin Bi and aflatoxin Bi with ochratoxin A. Moreover, multiple focal lymphocytic cellular aggregation among renal parencyhma were observed in all treated groups.
Congestion of myocardial blood vessels was noticed in all treated groups while lymphocytic cellular infiltration was noticed in groups dosed aflatoxin Bi and aflatoxin Bi with ochratoxin A, and thickening of blood vessel wall was observes in groups dosed ochratoxin A and aflatoxin Bi with ochratoxin A.
Congestion of the blood vessel and loss of denderities of some neurons were noticed in the brain of all treated groups,meanwhile lymphocytic cellular aggregation were noticed in groups dosed aflatoxin Bi and aflatoxin Bi with ochratoxin A.
Focal haemorrhages and necrosis of the lymphoid follicles were reported in thymus of all treated groups,while, congestion of the pineal gland was observed in groups treated with aflatoxin Bi and aflatoxin B 1 with ochratoxin A. Moreover, congestion , haemorrhage and depletion of the lymphoid follicles were seen in spleen of all treated groups. Necrosis and depletion of the lymphoid follicles in the bursa of Fabricius were seen in all treated groups. While leukocytic cellular infiltration under the lining epithelium of the mucosa particullary heterophiles, plasma cells and macrophages with focal desquamation of the epithelium were noticed in groups treated with aflatoxin Bi and aflatoxin Bi with ochratoxin A.
In lungs,congestion of pulmonary blood vessels with mononuclear cellular aggregation among the pulmonary tissues was observed in all treated groups. Oedema of blood vessel wall with multiple pulmonary emphysamatous areas were recorded in groups dosed aflatoxin Bi and aflatoxin Bi with ochratoxin A.