الفهرس 
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Abstract
In a healthy individual, body temperature is kept constant in a very small range despite of big differences in temperature of the surroundings. Normal human body temperature depends on many factors e.g. the place in the body at which the measurement is made, and the time of day and level of activity of the person.
Normally, the body’s core temperature represents a homeostatic balance between heat gain and heat loss. Heat production occurs through voluntary muscular activity, shivering, hormonal mechanisms, and chemical or non shivering thermogenesis. On the other hand, heat loss occurs through radiation (60%), conduction (15%), convection and evaporation (22%) through perspiration and respiration. Regulation of this balance occurs through a negative feedback system in the central nervous system, primarily the hypothalamus.
Core temperature can be evaluated reliably in the pulmonary artery, distal esophagus, tympanic membrane, over temporal artery or nasopharynx and can be estimated with reasonable accuracy by using oral, axillary and bladder temperatures except during extreme thermal perturbations. It is very important to monitor the