الفهرس 
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Abstract
The present study was carried out on 3805 (1465 intestinal tracts of five common native bird species including 705fowls, 265pigeons, 84turkeys, 353ducks and 58geese for helminthic examination and 1486 intestinal tracts for protozoal examination during the period from January 2012 to December 2012. The samples were collected from popular markets and poultry slaughter houses of 3 localities in Gharbia Governorate (Kotour, Tanta, and Basion). Also in the second part study 854 birds were examined for external parasites from the same localities during the same period). The results showed that the incidence of helminthic infection were 46.4% ,51.7%, 42.9%, 38% and 13.8 for fowls, pigeons, turkeys, ducks and geese respectively. The collected samples were undergoing to fecal examination and P.M examination and the collected eggs, oocysts, worms, were identified and counted. Also the collected ectoparasites were identified. The collected helminthes included one species of Trematode (E.revolutum 0.4%), 4 species of Cestodes(14.7%) (R.tetragona (6.8%), R.echinobothrida (4.6%), R.georgiensis (1.4%) and R. kashiwarnesis (0.5%) ) and 5 species of Nematodes(19.7%) (A.galli (10.4%), A.columbae (1.5%), H.dispar (3.5%), H. gallinae (1.2%) and Ca. obsignata (2.5%) ). Concerning with the worm burden of cestodes R.tetragona and R.echinobothrida were abundant in ducks (1-100 worm/bird) and (3-90 worm/bird) respectively while R. georginesis was aboundant in pigeon (1-110 worm/bird) while in nematodes the high intensity of A.galli was in fowl (1-200 worm/bird), and H.dispar was abundant in geese (2-50 worm/bird) while Ca.obsignata and A.columbae were found in high intensity in pigeon which were 1-200 worm/bird and 1-300 worm/bird respectively. Out of 705 domestic fowls 327 were infected with helminthes (46.4%), 3 cestodes (13.6%), 3 nematodes (21.3%) they were R.tetragona (7.1%), R.echinobothrida (4.3%), R.kashiwarnessis (1%), A.galli (16.3%), H.dispar (4%) and Ca.obsigenata (0.9%). R.kashiwarnessis was detected in small intestine of fowl for the first time in Egypt. Out of 265 pigeons 137 were infected with helminthes (51.7%), 3 cestodes (30.9%) and 2 nematodes (14.3%). The detected species were R.tetragona (13.6%), R.echinobothrida (10.6%), R.georgiensis (4.9%), A.columbae (8.3%) and Ca.obsignata (4.9%). The collected worms from 84 turkeys were one cestode [R. georgiensis (9.5%) ] and 4 nematodes (26.2%) which were Ca.obsignata (8.3%), H. gallinae (7.1%), H.dispar (6%) and A.galli (3.5%). Out of 353 ducks, 134 showed enteric helminthes (38%) , of these one trematode (E.revolutum 1.7%), 2 cestodes (7.6%) (R.tetragona 3.7% and R.echinbothrida 2.5%) and 4 nematodes (20.7%) (A.galli 8.8%, H.dispar 4.8%, H.gallinae 3.4% and Ca.obsigenata 2.5%), Out of 58 geese 8 were infected with intestinal worms (13.8%) including 2 species of cestodes (3.4%) (R.tetragona 1.7% and R.echinobothrida 1.7%) and 3 species of nematodes (10.3%) ( A.galli 5.2%, Ca. obsegenata 1.7% and H.dispar 3.4%), Seasonal dynamics of the detected helminthes showed that, the peak of abundance was during Spring for fowls (56.3%) and ducks (64.9%), while Summer for geese (30.8%) and turkeys (88%) respectively and Autumn for and pigeons (67.1%). Dealing with results of enteric protozoan parasites that infect the five species of domestic birds, 363 out of 1486 (42.8 %) were infected with enteric protozoa. The detected protozoa were Eimeria spp. in 453 birds (30.5%) and cryptosporidium spp. in 183 birds (12.3%) The incidence of Eimeria species in fowls was 50.5% which were [E.tenella (10.3%), E.necatrex (9.8%), E.mitis(9.02%) ,E.acervulina(7.8%) and E.praecox (6.2%)] while in pigeons was 34.2% [E. columbae (11.5%) and E.labbeana(10.9%)] . The results showed that, the ducks were infected with E.battakhi (1.7%), E.danialovi (1%), and E.schagchdagica(1.2%) for the first time in Egypt at total incidence of 4.5%. Cryptosporidium spp. was detected in 11.8% of fowl, 12.1% of pigeons, 11% of turkeys, 13.8% of ducks and 8.3% of geese. Seasonal dynamic of Protozoa in domestic birds showed that, the highest incidence of Eimeria spp. in the infected birds was in Winter with prevalence 61.5%, 42%, 14.2% for fowl, pigeon and duck respectively, also the highest prevalence of Cryptosporidium was recorded in Winter for fowl, duck, turkey and geese (15.4%, 44.2%, 15.8% and 30%) respectively, while in pigeon its was in Autumn (36%). No coccidial infection could be detected in duck during spring. Dealing with ectoparasites of birds, a total of 854 birds (309 fowls, 165 pigeons, 62 turkeys, 244 ducks and 74 geese) were examined for external parasites.The present study revealed that 38.5% of examined birds harbored external parasites. The detected parasites were 2 lice pecies (Columbecola columbae, Menapon gallinae) in 62 birds (7.3%), one fleas( Echindophaga gallinecum )in 151 birds (17.7%), Knemidocoptes mutans in 32 birds (3.7%) and red mites(Dermanyssus gallinea ) in 84 birds (9.8%). The study showed that pigeons was mostly infected with lice species (Columbecola columbae) (18.2%), followed by fowl (Menapon gallinae) (10.4%). Turkeys, ducks and geese were free from lice. Ducks was mostly infected with fleas (Echindophaga gallinecum) (33.2%) followed by geese (31.2%), pigeon (15.8%), turkey (8.1%) and fowl (5.2%). Turkey showed highest incidence of infection with mange (Knemidocoptes mutans) (12.9%) fallowed by fowl (7.8%) while Dermanyssus gallinae recorded a highest prevalence in pigeon (20%) followed by turkey (17.7%) and fowl (12.9%). Ducks and geese were free from mites. Seasonal dynamics of external parasites showed that, the highest rates of infection in pigeons and fowls were during Summer (78.1%, 51.3%, respectively) while the lowest rates were during Autumn (31.3%, 22% respectively). The peak of infection b external parasites in turkey and, ducks geese were during Summer (47.8%, 39.6% and 44.1% respectively) while the lowest rates were during Winter (20%) for both duck and turkey.