الفهرس 
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Abstract
The present study was carried out for studying the following:
1-The effect of housing system on Egyptian geese behavior, performance and meat quality.
2-The effect of feed type on Egyptian geese behavior and performance.
3-The effect of forced feeding on growth performance and liver quality of Egyptian geese.
Experiment I:
This experiment was planned to evaluate the effect of housing system on the performance ,meat quality and behavioral patterns of Egyptian geese from May to August 2011. There were two groups each one contains 30 geese of geese with average body weight 1800gm ,one allowe to swim in water while the other not allow to swim in water. Geese behavior was observed 3times per day at early morning, at noon and at afternoon for 30 minutes in each periof for 5 minute for each behavior. Growth performance is recorded by recording geese body weight every 2weeks.At the end of the experiment 5 geese from each group were slaughtered and meat sample from each geese was taken for analysis of its content(protein , moisture and fat)%. The results of the experiment could be summarized as the following:
1-There was a significant different(p≤0.05) in the body weight of geese as affected by housing system at 5,5.5 and 6months as the means of geese body weight were (2516.50 ± 84.9 ,2934.40±84.9) ,(2700.00 ± 84.2 , 3032.50±84.2) and (2780.00 ± 90 ,3100.00±90 )(gm) for the geese which were reared in the house with swimming pool and the house without swimming pool of 5, 5.5 and 6 months old respectively.
2-The obtained results showed that housing system had no affect on the protein , moisture% of geese. There was no difference in meat composition(protein ,moisture %) between geese swim in water and geese not swim in water as the means of (protein, moisture %) were(21.52 ±0.24 ,21.18±0.24%) (72.96±0.55 ,72.72±0.55%) for protein , moisture for the geese which were reared in the house with swimming pool and the house without swimming pool respectively. There were significant differences in fat%(p≤0.05) due to rearing system as the mean of fat% was(2.82±0.60, 4.60±0.60%)for protein, moisture and fat for the geese which were reared in the house with swimming pool and the house without swimming pool respectively.
3-from the results it was cleared that housing system affected on geese behavioral patterns, as the following:
3-1-There were significant differences(p≤0.05) in drinking behavior due to housing system, as drinking behavior of geese which allow to swim in water is less than drinking behavior of geese not allow to swim in water, as the means of geese drinking behavior were (2.75±0.19, 3.50±0.19) for geese allow to swim in water and geese not allow to swim in water respectively.
3-2-There were high significantly differences(p≤0.001) in body care behavior and comfort behavior due to housing system for geese which allow to swim in water than geese which not allow to swim , the means of geese body care and comfort behavior were (6.33±0.25, 2.66±0.25) for body care behavior for geese allow to swim in water and those not allow to swim in water respectively and (2.61±.08, 1.00±0.08) for comfort behavior for geese allow to swim in water and those not allow to swim in water respectively.
3-3- There were significant differences (p≤0.05) in geese rest and sleep as geese which not allow to swim in water spent more time resting and sleeping than those which spent part of its day swim in water as the means of geese rest and sleep which were (4.25±0.26, 5.25±0.26) for geese allowed to swim in water and geese not allow to swim in water respectively.
3-4-Housing system not affected on aggressive behavior of geese. there was no significant differences in geese aggressive behavior due to housing system as the means of geese aggressive behavior which were (1.00±0.00, 1.00±0.00) for geese allowed to swim in water and geese not allow to swim in water respectively.
4-Geese showed variations in their behavioral patterns according to the periods of the day as the followings:
4-1-There was significant differences(p≤0.05) in feeding behavior due to the period of the day, as geese feeding behavior was more at p1(8am) than p2(12 at noon) and p3(4pm) as the means of geese feeding behavior which were (5.75±0.33), (3.37±0.33) and (3.25±0.33) for p1(8am, at morning) , p2(12 at noon) , p3 (4 pm, afternoon)respectively.
4-2- There was a high significant differences(p≤0.001) in body care behavior due to the period of the day as geese body care behavior was more at p2 than p3 and p1 and there was a high significant differences(p≤0.001)in geese rest and sleep as affected by the period of the day as rest and sleep was more in p2 and p3 than p1 as the means of geese body care behavior which were (3.00±0.31), (3.37±0.31) and (3.25±0.31) for p1(8am, at morning) , p2(12 at noon) , p3 (4 pm, afternoon)respectively and the means of geese rest and sleep which were(2.62±0.32),(5.75±0.32) and(5.87±0.32) p1(8am, at morning) , p2(12 at noon) , p3 (4 pm, afternoon)respectively.
4-3-Aggressive behavior not affected by the day periods as the means of geese were(1.00±0.00 , 1.00±0.00 ) , (1.00±0.00 , 1.00±0.00 ), (1.00±0.00 , 1.00±0.00 ) for p1 ,p2 and p3 respectively.
Experiment II:
This experiment was carried to evaluate the effect of type of feed on the performance and behavior of Egyptian geese. There were 2groups of geese each one contains 10 geese with average body weight 2100gm, the first one fed corn and alfalfa while the second one fed on corn only. Body weight of geese was measured weekly and geese behavior observed 3 times daily for 3weeks.The obtained results were:
1- There was no significant differences in the body weight of geese due to type of feed,as there was no significant difference between the body weight of the two different groups along the period of the study as the means of geese body weight (2100.00±115.10, 2100.00±115.10) (2695.00±105.72 , 2498.00±105.72), (2792.00±107.23 , 558.00±107.23) and (2902.00±113.10, 2612.00±113.10) (gm) at the age of 12,13,14,15 week for the geese which fed alfalfa and corn and for geese fed only on corn respectively.
2- There were no significant differences in the geese behavioral patterns due to type of feed,as there was no significant difference between the body weight of the two different groups along the period of the study.
ExperimentIII:
This experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of forced-feeding on the performance and liver quality of Egyptian geese. There were 2groups of geese each one contains 10 geese, with average body weight 2000gm, the first one subjected to forced-feedin for 3 weeks by using of yellow corn while the other one was control fed corn adlibtum. Geese body weight was recorded at the end of each week of the 3weeks of the experiment.At the end of the experiment geese were slaughtered liver sample was taken from each goose for histopathological examination. The results of this experiment could be summarized as the following:
1-Forced-feeding had significant (p≤0.001) influence in the body weight. which appeared at the second and third week of forced –fed process,as body weight of forced- fed geese was heavier than body weight of control geese as the means of geese body weight were (2616.00±52.49,2355.00±52.49)gm and (2760.00±74.07, 2393.00±74.07)gm for forced fed geese and control geese at the second and third week respectively.
2-There were high significant differences(p≤0.001) in the liver weight due to forced feeding .The modifications occurring in the liver of the forced-fed geese were mainly due to an excess of triglycerides deposited in the hepatic cells and partly to the increase of the total protein content.Liver of forced –fed group was heavier than liver of control one as the means of geese liver weight were (214.00±15.32, 102.00±15.32)gm for forced –fed group and control one respectively.
3-Forced-feeding process lead to some histological changes in geese liver as steatosis(accumulation of fat), fatty degeneration.The degenerated hepatocyes exhibited marked enlargement of the cells by multiple variably sized discrete empty vacuoles that distend the cell cytoplasm, while the sinusoids were diffusely collapsed and bloodless In advanced fatty change, the single large vacuoles of adjacent hepatocytes that displace the nucleus to the periphery coalesce forming irregular spaces or small fat cyst and in some cases forced-fed caused necrosis.