الفهرس 
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Abstract
Many immunomedulators had been used to improve immune response of vaccinated chicken. Immune response of chickens to vaccines can be evaluated by performance, changes in blood picture, and serum analyses for antibody titres as well as biochemical assay. Challenge testing of vaccinated birds is the ideal way to evaluate immune response.
Experiment 1:
Field monitoring of immune response of broiler chicken flocks at age of marketing to AI and ND. AI mean HI tires were ranged from 2.0 ± 2.15 to 4.5 ± 3.05 in flocks aged 34 days. Results of HI test against ND antibodies in the usage of 2 life resulted in high antibodies ranged from 4.7 ± 4.26 to 6.5 ± 3.11.
Experiment 2:
To evaluate immunoresponse of the maternally immune male layer chicks to AI-H5N1 or bivalent AI and ND oil vaccine. Average BW of vaccinated groups at the 2nd weeks was higher than control. Total BW gain of control group was higher than vaccinated. AI group showed higher value (99.91 gm) than AI+ND group (94.5gm). Vaccinated groups had feed intake more than control non-vaccinated group. FCR of non-vaccinated group is higher than vaccinated as total FCR is 2.88 (control) as well as 3.17 and 3.39 in vaccinated. At 4 wpv AI vaccine group showed the highest HI-titres level while AI+ND vaccinated group showed lowest levels at all intervals. Bursal BW ratio at the 4th weeks vaccinated groups ratio are higher than control. Generally, liver BW ratios showed no marked differences between groups. Spleen BW ratio in vaccinated chicken groups was higher than control at both 3 and 4 weeks. Bursal section at 2 wpv vaccinated chicks: inter follicular congestion. In AI vaccine and perifollicular congestion In AI +ND vaccine and apparently normal follicles in control group at 4, 5 weeks all showed normal bursal follicles. Thymus of Control at all intervals, AI and AI + ND groups at 3 wpv showing normal cortex and medulla. Thymus section of vaccinated chickens groups with AI and AI + ND grs at 3 wpv showed congested medulla as well as necrosed medulla in 5 weeks. AI vaccinated chickens group showed severs congestion with vasculitis at 4 wpv. Plasma creatinine in vaccinated birds indicates that AI vaccinated group showed lower values at 2, 4 and 5 wpv. AI+ND vaccinated group showed the highest at both 4 and 5 wpv. Uric acid in plasma of
Summary
133
AI vaccinated birds is higher values at2 and 4 wpv than control and AI+ND vaccinated groups. AI+ND vaccinated group showed lowest value at 5 wpv and the highest at the 4th wpv. PCV, hemoglobin gm/ml and RBCs count in vaccinated groups were higher than control at 3 and 5 wpv. AI+ ND vaccine show values higher than AI vaccine only at 2, 4 and 5 wpv. Total leucocytic count in vaccinated groups was higher than non-vaccinated group. AI+ ND vaccinated group show lower values than AI vaccinated group at 4 and 5 wpv.
Experiment 3:
To compare the effect of different immunostimulants on the immune response of maternally immune male layer chickens given life IBD vaccine to AI-H5N1 oil vaccine. Total BW gain of AI + Superimmune was close to vaccine control group and both are higher than control negative, while Lector group was the best. FCR of AI vaccinated control was higher than IBD vaccinated immunostimulant treated as total FCR 3.19, 2.75 and 3.27 in groups 1, 2 and 3; respectively. AI antibodies titres in Lector group were higher (6.5 ± 0.96 and 4.8 ± 0.96 at 2nd and 3rd week; respectively than those of all groups. ND-HI titres at 4thwpv of Lector was (3.0 ± 1.79) and vaccine group (1.7 ± 0.82). Bursal BW ratio in lector group was higher than Imuvral and superimmune at 2 and 3 wpv. While at the 4th weeks vaccinated group’s ratio are higher than control. Immune stimulant groups show liver ratios are higher than controls at 2 and 3wpv. Imuvral treated group show liver BW ratios higher than all groups at all intervals. Spleen BW ratio in immune stimulant vaccinated groups 1 was higher than Imuvral group at 3rd (0.34 ± 0.21) wpv. At 2 wpv lector treated group bursa showed interfollicular edema and congestion; superimmune gr showed slight necrotic follicles with interfollicular congestion. Imuvral follicles showing necrosed. Lector gr at 3 wpv showed slight follicular depletion. AI vaccine gr at 4 and 5 wpv the examined thymus showing slightly necrosed medulla and cortex. Section of spleen at 2 wpv from lector, superimmune and Imuvral chicken gr, showing congestion, depleted lymphoid follicles and congestion ; respectively. Imuvral Creatinine values were significantly lower than Lector and superimmune at 5thwpv. Control non vaccine group 4 show higher significant values than that all groups at 3 wpv. Regarding serum urea of vaccine group at 4thwpv was higher than all groups. TP results showed no significant difference. Recorded GPT values indicated no difference between groups. ALP value in Lector was highest at 4 wpv. At 5 weeks both
Summary
134
Lector and superimmune values are similar and higher than other treatments. PCV, Hb and RBCs value of vaccinated group at 2 and 3 was higher than control –ve. Lector group value was highest at 4th week. WBCs count of the immunostimulated treated groups is higher than control groups at 3 wpv. Eosinophiles of Lector group at 3 wpv (2.00 ± 0.00) significant higher than all treated groups’. Monocyte at 4weeks, the control –ve (5.00 ± 0.00) and Imuvral (4.00 ± 0.58) are significant higher than other immunostimulant and control vaccine. Lymphocytes at 4 weeks show no significant difference. Hetrophil values of lector group were significant higher than superimmune and Imuvral.
Experiment 4:
To compare the effect of different immunstimulants on the immune response of maternally immune male layer chickens to bivelant ND with AI-H5N1 oil vaccine. Average BW of vaccinated groups with AI+ND given Superimmune at the 2nd weeks is higher (43,94 gm ) than other groups Imuvral (48.76gm) was higher than both superimmune and lector (48.79 gm each) and control vaccine at the 3rd week. AI-HI at 4th week Imuvral was higher than both superimmune and Lector. ND-HI antibody titres of immunostimulant treated groups were higher than control at 2 and 4th week. Immunostimulant groups Showed higher Organ BW ratio than control group. Challenge test using vvND showed control –ve group showed 75% morbidity and 62.5% mortality. Imuvral, Lector and vaccinated groups are showed morbidity rate 25%. Superimmune and control vaccine showed 12.5 % mortality. Bursal, Thymus and Spleen sections examined at 4 and 5wpv was apparently healthy in treated groups. Kidney and liver function values showed that Creatinine of control –ve have significant higher than Lector and control vaccine. Uric acid of vaccine treated group with Imuvral is higher than superimmune and Lector. TP values showed no significant difference between groups. GPT and ALP results showed no significant difference between groups. Calculated results of WBCs at 4 and 5 wpv. Of control vaccine group 5 are significant higher than all immune treated and control –ve groups. RBCs, Hb and PCV of group 5 are higher than control –ve and superimmune. Differential leucocytes showed higher values of eosinophiles in stimulants given groups than controls. Monocytes of Lector group at 3 week are higher than all groups.
Results of our study pointed out the importance of immunostimulant usage to obtain higher immune response.