الفهرس 
Breast AnatomyOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The female breast is one of the signs of femininity that consists of a group of highly specialized sweat glands. The shape of the breast is best represented by as a cone with a spherical surface contour, an arched base and an eccentrically situated top deviated fifteen degrees laterally. Using the nipple as a reference point, each breast is divided into four quadrants, superiolateral, superior- medial, inferolateral and inferomedial, in addition to the retro-areolar area and axillary tail.
Breast cancer is the most common cancer seen in women, constituting 22% of all cases worldwide. National Cancer Institute in Cairo registry reported breast cancer to represent 35.1% of female cancers.
The management of patients with breast cancer has undergone significant evolution over the past two decades as a result of a better understanding of the biological behavior of breast cancer, advances in adjuvant chemotherapy and hormonal therapy, advances in radiographic detection of early-stage breast cancer, and the implementation of breast conservation therapy and sentinel lymph node biopsy. The vast majority of breast cancers diagnosed today are early stage. The use of routine screening mammography and increased breast cancer awareness are primarily responsible for the trend towards earlier diagnosis.
Removing malignant tumors can be performed in different ways; either the breast is removed completely mastectomy or only the affected part is widely excised (breast-conserving surgery). Breast conserving surgery maybe in form of lumpectomy to quandrantectomy.
Even though both lumpectomy and quandrantectomy are considered breast conserving surgeries, some reconstruction may be necessary to regain the contour of breast. donut mastpexy lumpectomy and Batwing mastopexy lumpectomy may be used to regain the shape.
Breast reconstruction maybe done either by autologous
(Latissimus Dorsi Musculocutaneous Flap (Ldmf) Breast Reconstruction).
J. Prosthetic materials including
1. Definitive implant.
2. Tissue expanders.
3. Inflatable implants.
IV. Pure autologous tissue.
12. Latissimus Dorsi myocutaneous flap (LDM)
13. Transverse Rectus Abdominus Muscle flap (TRAM)
14. Deep Inferior Epigastric Artery Perforator Flap (DIEP)
15. Superficial Inferior Epigastric Artery Flap (SIEA)
16. Ruben’s Flap
17. Gluteal arteries Flap
18. Contralateral Breast Flap
19. Free Gracilis Muscle Flap
20. Lateral Thigh Flap
21. Medial Thigh Flap
22. Ommental Flap
V. Combined Autologus and prosthetic Breast Reconstruction
IV. Use of Alloderm in breast reduction techniques