الفهرس 
abstractOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 134 |  |  |
| | | from | 134 | | |
Abstract
The Ismailia Canal is the principle source of drinking water supply for a great number of the Egyptian citizens (about 12 million inhabitants), including those living in northern part of Cairo, Shupra El-Kheima, Mattaria, Musturod, Abu-Zaabal, Inchas, Belbeis, Abbasa, Abu-Hammad, Zagazeeg and El-Tell El-Kabier, before entering the Suez Canal Province. The Canal is exposed to industrial pollution from the effluent discharge of purification plants, power ones, petroleum companies and fertilizer companies along the area from the canal mouth to Abu-Zaabal.
The aim of this study is to assess the influence of three industrial effluents on the water quality of Ismailia Canal surface. The companies under study were; north Cairo power plant, Amyeria water purification plant and petroleum companies and to study the ecology of that water that include studying the diversity of the microorganisms. Also, to find a suitable natural attenuation process to purify these water supplies from pathogenic microorganisms.
Physico-Chemical assessment of water samples included temperature and electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), the pH values, carbonate, bicarbonate and total alkalinity, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia, major anions, major cations and trace metals.
Microbiological assessment of water samples included enumeration of total viable bacterial count (TVBC) and total spore-forming bacteria (TSFB), enumerating total coliform (TC), fecal coliform (FC), fecal streptococci (FS), detection, isolation and purification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, detection, isolation and purification of Salmonella, detection, isolation and purification of Shigella detection, isolation and purification of Escherichia coli, enumeration, detection, isolation and purification of Aeromonas hydrophila, identification of bacterial isolates, detection of bacteriophages and counting of fungi.
Treatment of water included Sanitation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa using phage and Sanitation of trace metals using nanocomposite.
Physico-Chemical assessment results showed that:
Water temperature ranged from 27.1-37, 23.2-31, 21-29 and 21.7-29.9oC during summer, autumn, spring and winter seasons respectively. The outlet of north Cairo power plant and the outlet of petroleum companies were the only two sites that had temperatures (37 and 36.6oC respectively in summer) above the permissible limit.
Electric conductivity ranged from 0.4-0.5, 0.37-0.48, 0.326-0.690 and 0.328-0.48 ms/cm during summer, autumn, spring and winter seasons respectively. Total dissolved solids ranged from 237.4-327.0, 238-310, 225-441 and 210-307.46 mg/L during summer, autumn, spring and winter seasons respectively.
The DO ranged from 4.24-8.83, 4.32-9.10, 4.79-9.59 and 4.12-9.10 mg/L during summer, autumn, spring and winter seasons respectively. The BOD ranged from 3-40, 2-14, 2-15 and 1-11 mg/L during summer, autumn, spring and winter seasons respectively. The outlet of Amyeria purification water plant is the only site that had BOD value (40 mg/L) in summer exceeded the permissible limit. The COD ranged from 5-84, 4-30, 5-32 and 3-21 mg/L during summer, autumn, spring and winter seasons respectively. The outlet of Amyeria purification water plant is only site that had BOD value exceeded the permissible limit in summer, autumn and spring.
The pH ranges ranged from 7.90-8.15, 7.80-8.02, 7.95-8.13 and 7.9-8.3 during summer, autumn, spring and winter seasons respectively. The NH3 concentration ranged from 0.08-2.50, 3.08-5.5, 0.88-3.3 and 0.2-2.9 mg/L during summer, autumn, spring and winter seasons respectively.
Major anions; the chloride concentration ranged from 18.00-69.60 mg/L. The nitrate concentration ranged from ND-5.80 mg/L. The sulphate concentration ranged from 15.00-44.00 mg/L. The bicarbonate concentration ranged from 141-193mg/L.
The major cations; the calcium concentration ranged from 16-41.75 mg/L. The potassium concentration ranged from 3.80-14.30 mg/L. The magnesium concentration ranged from 9.60-27.10 mg/L. The sodium concentration ranged from 13.00-63.30 mg/L during summer, autumn, spring and winter seasons respectively.
The trace metals; the aluminum concentration ranged from ND-1.74 mg/L. The barium concentration ranged from ND-4.36 mg/L. The cadmium concentration ranged from ND-0.22 mg/L. The maximum permissible limit of Cd concentration for effluents discharged in canals, according to the Egyptian law 48 for the year 1982, is 0.01 mg/L. The chromium concentration ranges ranged from ND-0.4 mg/L. The maximum permissible limit of Cr concentration for effluents discharged in canals, according to the Egyptian law 48 for the year 1982, is 0.05 mg/L. The copper concentration ranged from ND-0.76 mg/L. The iron concentration ranges ranged from ND-0.86 mg/L. The zinc concentration ranged from ND-0.35mg/L.
Microbiological assessment of water samples collected from Ismailia Canal water showed;
Total viable bacterial count ranges at 22oC were found to be 1.79x104-166x104, 1.2x104-80x104, 0.4x104-8.5x104 and 21.7x104-99.26x104 CFU/mL during summer, autumn, winter and spring seasons respectively.
Total viable bacterial count ranges at 37oC were found to be 0.9 x104-90x104, 0.56x104-19.1x104, 0.28x104-4.3x104 and 0.69x104-16.7x104 CFU/mL during summer, autumn, winter and spring seasons respectively.
Total spore-forming bacteria ranges at 37oC were found to be 0.12x104-0.9x104, 0.09x104-0.49x104, 0.006x104-0.3x104 and 0.1x104-0.9x104 CFU/mL during summer, autumn, winter and spring seasons respectively.
Total coliform count ranges were found to be 1180-7500, 900-4300, 410-3500 and 960-4400 CFU/ 100mL during summer, autumn, winter and spring seasons respectively. The maximum permissible limit of TC count for effluents discharged in canals, according to the Egyptian law 48 for the year 1982, is 2500 CFU/ 100mL. The outlets of North Cairo power plant, Amyeria water purification plant and petroleum companies exceed that maximum permissible limit especially in summer and autumn.
Fecal coliform count ranges were found to be 400-3600, 220-2550, 30-2500 and 260-2700 CFU/ 100mL during summer, autumn, winter and spring seasons respectively.
Fecal streptococci count ranges were found to be 30-79, 15-50, 0-16 and 18-59 CFU/ 100mL during summer, autumn, winter and spring seasons respectively.
Aeromonas hydrophila count ranges were found to be 300-4400, 0-2400, 0-1500 and 0-2500 CFU/ 100mL during summer, autumn, winter and spring seasons respectively.
Fungi count ranges were found to be 200-900, 0-900, 0-300 and 0-800 CFU/ 100mL during summer, autumn, winter and spring seasons respectively.
The following bacterial species were isolated from the canal water; 36 E.coli, 33 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 33 Enterococcus fecalis, 28 Aeromonas hydrophila, 36 Proteus vulgaris, 0 Salmonella and 0 Shigella.
The isolated fungal species were Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus tamurii Aspergillus fumigatus and Pacilomyces sp.
The bacteriophages infecting E.coli, Enterococcus fecalis, Aeromonas hydrophila and Proteus vulgaris were not detected. The only isolated phages were that infecting Pseudomonas aeruginosa. That bacteriophage suspension was used to decrease the count of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in sewage sample that was chose due to high count and that treatment give good results at 35oC and at room temperature.Sanitation using nanocomposite show high effect on heavy metals of the tested sample through 3 h exposure to the nanocomposite.