الفهرس 
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Abstract
Morphological, electrophoretic, karyological and molecular studies were carried out on the domestic Greylag geese Anser anser populations collected from the local markets and houses of Samalot, Bani Mazar, El Minia, Mallawy and Abu Qurqas localities in El Minia province (Upper Egypt). The study was aimed to:
1. Test whether there are significant morphological differences within and among populations based upon the existing feather color patterns.
2. Check the patterns of protein variation within and among these populations for assessing their phylogenetic relationships.
3. Examine and describing whether there are karyotype and C-band differences and evolution within and among populations based upon the existing feather color patterns of the five localities.
4. Assess the genetic variability and relationship within and among populations by using PCR reaction analysis of RAPD and 5S rDNA primers.
5. Check whether there is a convergence or divergence between morphological, biochemical, chromosomal and molecular data.
6. characterize and mapping the genomic features of anser anser populations common in Egypt from those occurring elsewhere in other countries.
The morphological study implied the analysis of nine external morphometric characters within and among populations by using Duncan’s multiple analysis of variance test [153], T-test and principal component analysis (PCA). Results of Duncan’s multiple range test [153] revealed that only the head length (HL) measurements were non-significantly varied between the whitish grey and white geese populations (p ≤ 0.05), while the other eight variables were apparently significant (p ≥ 0.05). In addition, T-test analysis revealed non-significant variation between the two populations from all localities and they are closely related to each other (T-value = 0.100658, df = 16, p = 0.9210 at p ≤ 0.05). Moreover, PCA of the nine external morphological measurements between the two populations based on the correlation matrix revealed that the whitish grey and white populations are more correlated and overlapped as clearly indicated by component 1 and 2. The other graphs, however, showed scattering of the two populations due to variation in some variables. Furthermore, phenetic analysis of the nine morphological parameters demonstrated the presence of close phylogenetic affinity between the whitish grey and white populations collected from five localities. Hence, it was concluded that both the whitish grey and white geese populations truly belong to the genus Anser.