الفهرس 
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Abstract
SUMMARY Oxygen is a highly reactive molecule that damages Iiving organisms by producing reactive oxygen species consequently. organism contain a complex network of anti oxidant metabolites and enzymes that work together to prevent oxidative damage to cellular components such as DNA, proteins and lipids.
Chemically, oxidation is defined as the removal of electrons and reduction. or the gain of electrons. Oxidation is always accompanied by reduction of an electron acceptor. This principle of oxidation - reduction applies equally to biochemical systems and is an important concept underlying understanding of the nature of biologic oxidation.
Several powerful! oxidants are ’produced during the course of metabolism, in both blood cells and most other body cells. These include superoxide anion (02.-), hydrogen peroxide (H202), peroxyl radical and hydroxyl radical. The last is a particularly reactive molecule and can react with proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and other molecules to alter their structure and produce tissue damage.
As a result, of the great deal of attention and interest which has been directed toward the study of free radicals. lipid peroxidation product and the possible role of antioxidant.
The present work is designed to study the role of defense system of natural antioxidants to protect healthy under oxidative stress as (Renal, hepatic and heart) oxidative stress.
These natural antioxidants can be tested through determination of some parameters in rat’s serum as:
1. ALT, AST, Bilirubin, GGT and ALP as an indicator for liver function.
2. Creatinine, Urea & Na+ & K+ as indicator for renal function.
3. CPK, CK-MB, LDH, Cholesterol, T.G, HDL –Cholesterol, LDL –Cholesterol as indicator for Heart function.
4. Some of stress hormones (Adrenaline & Histamine).
The defensive mechanisms of these natural antioxidants can be tested through determination of some enzymes in (Hepatic, Heart and Renal) rat (serum and organ) as:
1) The reduced glutathione (GSH)
2) Enzymes in redox cycle that includes super oxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) as antioxidants defense enzymes.
3) Malondialdehyde (MDA) as a lipid peroxidation marker.
A total of 140 adult male albino rats, average body weight 200-250 gm were used in the experimental investigation of this study. The experimental animals were randomly divided into 4 groups.
Group I: (Control group)
Composed of twenty (20) rats, were fed ordinary diet and not receive drugs, served as control for experimental group.
* Group II : Ethanol group ( EtOH-group)
Included forty (40) rats were fed on normal diet and received of absolute EtOH orally at the dose of 2.0 g/kg (2.54 ml/kg) body weight (2.54 ml/kg) via oro gastric tube for 4 weeks. served as hepatic oxidative stress group .
* Group III : Isoproterenol group.
Included forty (40) rats were treated with isoproterenol at adose of (ISP; 85 mg/kg; subcutaneous) for 4 weeks was administered and served as cardiac oxidative stress group.
*Group IV : Gentamicin group.
Included forty (40) rats received daily intraperitoneal injections of gentamicin at adose of (80 mg/kg/body wt) for 4 weeks this dose has already been shown to produce nephrotoxicity and served as renal oxidative stress: group.
The obtained results showed that:
* Hepatic Oxidative Stress:
There was gradually significant increase from second to the fourth week, in enzymes Alanine - Amino Transferase (ALT), Aspartate - Amino Transferase (AST), Gamma Glutamate Transferees (GGT) and Alkaline Phosphatase in hepatic stress group when compared with the value recorded in the control group.
As well as, a significant increased in experimental hepatic stress group total Billirubin in the second, third and fourth week, compared with the control group.
Also, recorded very high significant increased in Malonaldihyde (MDA) hepatic stress group compared with the control group from second to fourth week.
However, showed that, gradually significant decreased in hepatic stress group enzymes activity (super oxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT)) and Glutathione Reductase ( GSH ) concentration when compared with the value recorded in the control group from second to fourth week.
* Heart Oxidative Stress:
There was gradually significant increase from second to the fourth week,in enzymes creatinine phosphokinase (CPK),creatinine kinase (CK-MB) and Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) in heart stress group when compared with the value recorded in the control group.
As well as, a highly significant increased in experimental heart stress group lipid profile ( total cholesterol, Triglycerides (TG), LDL-cholesterol (LDL)), while significant decreased in HDL-cholesterol (HDL) at the second, third and fourth week, compared with the control group.
Recorded that , nonsignificant increase from second to the fourth week , in adrenaline in heart stress group when compared with the value recorded in the control group.
Also, recorded very high significant increased in Malonaldihyde (MDA) heart stress group compared with the control group from second to fourth week.
However, showed that, gradually significant decreased in heart stress group enzymes activity (super oxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT)) and Glutathione Reductase (GSH) concentration when compared with the value recorded in the control group from second to fourth week.
*- Renal Oxidative Stress:
There was gradually significant increase from second to the fourth week, in creatinine, Urea and potassium. In renal stress group. However, illustrated significant decrease in sodium when compared with the control group.
Also, recorded very high significant increased in Malonaldihyde (MDA) renal stress group compared with the control group from second to fourth week.
However, showed that, gradually significant decreased in renal stress group enzymes activity (Super oxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT)) and Glutathione Reductase ( GSH ) concentration when compared with the value recorded in the control group from second to fourth week .