الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by chronic airflow limitation that progresses slowly over time and, by definition, the airflow obstruction is largely irreversible.
COPD is a disease characterized by systemic inflammation,systemic consequences, and many chronic and complex co-morbidities. All patients with COPD should be examined and investigated for co-morbidities, and conversely, patients with any of the known co-morbidities should be screened for COPD. where present, these should be treated. where not present, lifestyle interventions such as smoking prevention and cessation, and interventions such as diet control and exercise should be advised. Greater efforts should be made at educating physicians and patients about the existence of co-morbidities in COPD and the need for screening and early intervention.
Such systemic manifestations of COPD may include a number of endocrine disorders, such as those involving the pituitary, the thyroid, the gonads, the adrenals and the pancreas.
The present study included eighty subjects admitted to the Alex Main University Hospital. Those subjects were divided into four groups:
Group I : 20 patients with mild COPD.
Group II : 20 patients with moderate COPD.
Group III: 20 patients with severe COPD.
Group IV: 20 healthy subjects.
All patients and the control subjects included in the research were subjected to:
1. History taking (including libido & erectile dysfunction).
2. Full clinical examination (including weight, height and waist / hip circumference).
3. Laboratory investigations:
• Complete blood picture.
• Liver function tests.
• Renal function tests.
• Lipid profile (Low Density Lipoprotein, High Density Lipoprotein, total cholesterol, serum triglycerides.) by enzymatic method.
• Fasting and postprandial plasma glucose by enzymatic method.