الفهرس 
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Abstract
The present study was planed to achieve the following: 1- To inspect the normal morphological characters of the testes. 2- To determine the normal biometrics of the testes and epididymes. 3- To demonstrate the normal histological findings of the testes. 4- To define the ultrasonographic image of testes and epididymes The plan of the current study run as follows: 1- A total of 238 testes and epididymes of male camels (Camelus dromedarius) were collected from four abattoirs (Cairo, Benha, Belbais and Shebin El-Kanater) during the period from December (2005) to November (2006). 2- Samples were collected all round the year during winter (December, January and February), spring (March, April and May), summer (June, July and August) and autumn (September, October and November) including the rutting and non-rutting seasons. 3- Only the testes and epididymes of apparently healthy animals were included in the current study and the age of camels, under investigation, was determined. 4- Immediately after slaughter, the gross findings of testis were inspected to find out position in the perineal region, shape of the testes, texture of the testes, tunica albuginea, testicular tissue and vascularity. 5- Testicular length, width, thickness, volume and weight as well as the epididymal head, body, tail and whole weights were estimated 6- In addition to this, the histological findings of the testes and the ultrasound imaging of the testes and epididymes were demonstrated. In the present study, the obtained results came as follows: 1- The camel’s testes are located in an oblique position in the perineal region; they have an ovoid shape and soft to firm texture. the testes are located, during the non-rutting season, within the scrotum only as sub-anal protuberance, while during the rutting season, they are protruded in a position with nearly defined scrotal neck; the testes have nearly similar shape regardless of the age and season; however, the testicular texture seems to be soft in the young, flaccid in the adult and firm in the advanced aged males; in addition to this, the testicular texture varies in association with the change in the testicular activity during the rutting than that during the non-rutting seasons. 2- The overall mean of the testicular length, width, thickness, volume and weight was recorded to be 8.24±0.08 cm, 4.06±0.06 cm, 3.50±0.06 cm, 51.60±0.02cm3 and 55.47±0.02 gm, respectively, while that of the epididymal head, body, tail and whole weights was recorded to be 4.03±0.07 gm, 6.54±0.01 gm, 3.23±0.06 gm and 13.80±0.01 gm respectively. The testicular biometrics appeared to have no significant difference between the different seasons, contrary to the effect of age. 3- from the histological findings of camel testis, in the present study, it has been found that the thickness of the tunica albuginea, the testicular parenchyma, the differentiated interstitial tissue, the leydig cell number, the amount of collagen fibers and blood capillaries differ with the change in the breeding season and the advancement of age of the male camel in association with the change in the testicular sperm producing potential.