الفهرس 
M-ATERIA LS AND METHODSOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION
Birds damage thousands tonsof cereal grains worth million of pounds annually in Africa. Birds
depre dation in agricultural crops are not new but they are increasingly in conflict with man’s
interests. Losses of East Africa alone exceed U.S. $ IS M annually (Elliot and Beasley,
1979; Kitonyo and Allan, 1979; Bruggers,
1980).
In a country like Egypt, with a limited cultivated area, food insufficiency is the major problem
that faces the overgrowing human population. The Egyptian Govern - ment started to solve this
problem by the reclamation of desert lands
Recently in Egypt, the house sparrow, Passer domesticus niloticus is considered the most economic
vertebrate pest in the agricultural land, particularly in the newly reclaimed areas.
El-Deeb (1991) recorded that the birds damage to repinning stage of wheat, horse beans, barley,
sunflower and sorghum reached to 20.68, 2.76, 1.50, 2L03 and
35.60%, respectively and the highest birds damage was
occurred at the newly reclaimed areas. Other bird species damage field crops, vegetables and fruits
during the different stages of plant, such as crested lark, Galereda cristata and starling, St
rnus vulgaris.