الفهرس 
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Abstract
Operative surgery concerns itself with the production of therapeutically
desirable changes in the anatomy of the body. The introduction of surgery to
any special region of the body places its anatomy in a new perspective.
Certain anatomical features are of little interest to the surgeon. On the other
hand, structures which appear quite insignificant to the pure anatomist
frequently are of primary importance to the surgeon. Specifically, he wants to
know the substantiality of an individual, tissue in order to be able to use it
with confidence. Second, since the surgeon must avoid injury to essential
structures , he needs recognisable landmarks which indicate their presence or
proximity. Finally, the anatomy as encountered by the surgeon is living and ,
as such, in motion. He must consider the physical strains and stresses of
functional movement as related to the particular anatomy involved as well as
the influence of his surgical interference upon them (Zimmerman and
Bailey,1962).