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Abstract Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a major health problem in both industrial and developing countries including Egypt. The etiology of CHD is not completely understood, however, epidemiological data suggest that elevated levels of plasma cholesterol and low density lipoprotein are two primary risk factors. Many other factors such hypertension, reduced fibrinolysis, increases in blood-clotting time and increased platelet aggregation were recorded. The composition of the human diet plays an important role in the management of lipid and lipoprorein concentrations in the blood. The present study aims to investigate the effects of Cauliflower intake on liver and kidney functions and blood lipids profile in hypercholetrolemic rats. The possible mechanisms by which these components may affect lipid metabolism will also be briefly addressed. Also, the histopathological examination for the different organs including liver, kidney and heart of the subjected rats will be in the scope of this study. Forty eight adult male albino rats (Spragu Dawley Strain) weighting between 140 and 150gm were used for the present study. The rats were divided into 6 groups, each 8 rats. The experiment was carried out in two period, the first one for three weeks, while the second was extended to 6 weeks. SUMMARY (91) During the first period, normal control group was fed basal diet, while the other five groups were fed on the hyperlipidemic diet. During the second period, one group of the hyperlipidemic rats was fed on hyperlipidemic diet (10%animal fat, 1%cholesterol). While the other four groups were fed on hyperlipidemic diet supplemented with cauliflower (5, 10% fresh cauliflower, 5, 10% steamed cooked cauliflower). The animals were divided into 6 groups of 8 rats as the following: Group 1: control group fed on standard diet. Group 2: untreated group fed on hyperlipidemic diet. Group 3: fed on hyperlipidemic diet with 5% fresh dried cauliflower. Group 4: fed on hyperlipidemic diet with 10% fresh dried cauliflower. Group 5: fed on hyperlipidemic diet with 5% steamed cooked cauliflower. Group 6: fed on hyperlipidemic diet with 10% steamed cooked cauliflower. At the end of the experimental period, animals were sacrificed after 12 hours fasting. Blood samples were collected and obtained from the hepatic portal veins. SUMMARY (92) The obtained data could be summarized as follow: I.Body weight gain (BWG), food efficency ratio (FER) and organ weight: BWG was significantly diffened (P<0.05) for rats fed on fresh cauliflower 5% (G3) when compared with the untreated group (G2) (hyperlipidemic diet) but BWG highly significant (P<0.01) G5 and G6 when compared with G2. Feed intake significantly diffened (P<0.05) for rats (G1,G6) when compared with the untreated group (G2) (hyperlipidemic diet) but G3,G4 and G5 show no significant when compared with (G2). FER was significantly diffened (P<0.05) for rats fed on fresh cauliflower 10% (G4) when compared with the untreated group (G2) (hyperlipidemic diet) but FER very highly significant (P<0.001) for rats fed on dried steamed cauliflower G5 and G6 when compared with (G2). The mean values of kidney weight were decreased by 12% (G3), 15% (G4), 25% (G5) and 48% (G6) for groups of rats fed on hyperlipidemic diet supplemented with different levels of cauliflower under investigation as compared with untreated group fed on (hyperlipidemic diet). SUMMARY (93) The spleen weight was significantly diffened (P<0.05) for rats fed on dried steamed cauliflower 5%(G5) when compared with the untreated group (G2) (hyperlipidemic diet). With increasing of cauliflower level in diet up to 10% the rate of decrease spleen weight becam very highly significant (P<0.001). The same trend was observed for the rat fed on steamed cauliflower 10% (G6), which showed very highly significant decrease (P<0.001) in spleen weight. There were nosignificant difference among all the groups of animals for liver weights. About the heart, the lowest value was found (0.35±0.22 gm/rat) for rats fed on dried steamed cauliflower 10% (G6), while the highest value (1.0313±7.039 gm/rat) for untreated rats fed on (G2) and the difference was very highly significantly (P<0.001). II. Effect of cauliflower consumption on serum lipid profile of rats fed hyperlipidemic diet . For total Cholesterol, level of feeding fresh cauliflower (5%) was significantly decreased (p<0.05) by the rate of 22 %(G3) when compared with untreated group(G2). With increasing of cauliflower level in diet, feeding fresh cauliflower (10%), the rate of decrease in total Cholesterol became very high significant (p<0.001) recording 47.9%(G4). The same trends were observed for the cooked feeding cauliflower groups (5 and 10%), which showed significant (p<0.05) and very high significant SUMMARY (94) (p<0.001) decreases in total Cholesterol by the rates of 17.7 %(G5) and 54.7%(G6) when compared with untreated group(G2), respectively. LDL Cholesterol, level of fresh feeding cauliflower 5%(G3) was not significantly decreased when compared with the untreated group(G2). With increasing cauliflower level in diet, feeding fresh cauliflower 10%(G4) and 5%(G5),10%(G6) were fed on cooked cauliflower, the rate of decrease in cholesterol became highly significant (p<0.01), recording 12%(G4),10.6%(G5) and 13.9% (G6) when compared with untreated group. Serum VLDL cholesterol was highly significantly (p<0.01) decreased for rats fed on fresh cauliflower 5%(G3) and (G4),(G6) that fed on 10% fresh and steamed cauliflower when compared with the untreated group (G2) fed on (hyperlipidemic diet). from data, the mean values of HDL cholesterol was decreased by 11% (G4), 12.6% (G5) and 27% (G6) for the groups of rats fed on hyperlipidemic diet supplemented with different levels of cauliflower under investigation as compared with untreated group fed on (hyperlipidemic diet) SUMMARY (95) For triglycerides, level of feeding fresh cauliflower (5%) was high significant decreased (p<0.01) by the rate of 31 %(G3) when compared with untreated group(G2). With increasing cauliflower level in diet, feeding fresh cauliflower 10%, the rate of decrease in triglycerides became very highly significantly (p<0.001) recording 36%(G4). The same trends were observed for the cooked feeding cauliflower groups (5 and 10%) which induced highly significantly (p<0.01) decreases in triglycerides by the rates of 33 %(G5) and 38%(G6) when compared with the untreated group(G2), respectively. On the other side, total lipids level of fresh feeding cauliflower 5% was significantly decreased (p<0.05) by the rate of 21.9 %(G3) when compared with untreated group(G2). With increasing cauliflower level in diet, feeding fresh cauliflower group (10%), the rate of decreases in total lipids was increased by high significant (p<0.01) values and recording 37.6%(G4). The same trends were observed for the cooked feeding cauliflower (5% and 10%) which induced significant (p<0.05) and highly significant (p<0.01) decreases in total lipids by the rates of 18%(G5) and 33.3%(G6) when compared with untreated group (G2), respectively. The serum phospholipids were significantly decreased (p<0.05) by 32%(G5) and 33%(G6) for rats groups fed on hyperlipidemic diet supplemented with steamed cauliflower at the two levels under investigation as compared with those fed on SUMMARY (96) the hyperlipidemic diet (G2). The serum phospholipids were highly significantly decreased (p<0.01) by 30% (G3) and 39%(G4) for rats groups fed on hyperlipidemic diet supplemented with fresh cauliflower at the two levels under investigation as compared with those fed on the hyperlipidemic diet (G2). III. The effect of cauliflower consumption on liver Functions of rats fed with hyperlipidemic diet . Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) of fresh feeding cauliflower group (5%) was insignificantly decreased by the rate of 16.6 % when compared with the control positive group. With the increasing of cauliflower level in diet, fresh fed on cauliflower group 10%, the rate of decrease in GOT became highly significant (p<0.01) and recording 44.8%. But the groups (G5,G6) fed on steamed cauliflower groups 5 and 10% induced significant (p<0.05) (p<0.01) decrease in GOT by the rates of 19 and 29 % when compared with the control positive group, respectively. For glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) of fresh feeding cauliflower group (5%) was not significantly decreased by the rate of 8.24% when compared with the control positive group. Increasing of cauliflower level in diet, fresh feeding cauliflower group 10%, the rate of decrease in GPT became significant (p<0.05) and recorded 31.3%. While no significant SUMMARY (97) decrease was observed for the steamed cauliflower groups (5%, 10%) when compared with the control positive group. IV. Effect of cauliflower consumption on kidney functions of rats fed with hyperlipidemic diet . Urea level of fresh feeding cauliflower groups (5%) was significantly decreased (p<0.05) by the rate of 27.7 % when compared with the control positive group. With increasing of cauliflower level in diet, fresh feeding cauliflower group (10%), the rate of decrease in urea became highly significant (p<0.01) and recording 46.5%. While was significant decrease noticed (p<0.05) by the rats fed on steamed cauliflower groups (5%, 10%) when compared with the control positive group by the rat of 24.5%, 29%, respectively. For creatinine level of 5%,10% fresh feeding cauliflower group and 5% steamed cauliflower significant decreases (p<0.05) were noticed by the rates of 40 %,37%,24.5 when compared with the control positive group, respectively. With the increase of cauliflower level in diet, steamed feeding cauliflower group 10%, the rate of decrease in creatinine became highly significant (p<0.01) and recording 29%. SUMMARY (98) V. The effect of cauliflower consumption on liver, heart, kidney and spleen histopathology of rats fed on diet containing cholesterol. Liver histopathology: Microscopically, liver of control , untreated rats revealed the normal histology of hepatic lobule. On the other hand , liver of control + ne rats (positive) showed dilatation and congestion of central vein, hydropic degeneration of hepatocytes, vacuolations of hepatocytes , activation of epithelial lining bile duct associated with appearance newly for med bile ductuoles. However, liver of rat from group 3 (5% fresh) revealed hydropic degeneration of hepatocytes. While mean, liver of rats from group 4 (10% fresh) revealed apparent normal hepatocytes. Liver of rat from group 5 (5% cooked) showed no changes except hydropic degeneration of hepatocytes. Moreover, liver of rat from group 6 (10% cooked) revealed activation of kupller cells as well as portal infiltration with leucocytes. Heart histopathology: Microscopically, heart of control, untreated rats revealed the normal histology of myocardial muscle fibers. On the other hand , heart of control + ne rat group2 (postive) showed vacuolation of some myocardial muscle fibers and vacuolation in tunica media of cardiac blood vessels. However, heart of rats from group 3 (5% fresh) showed granularity of some myocardial muscle fibers. Apparent normal cardiac muscle was noticed in heart of rat from group 4 (10% fresh). While mean, heart of rats from group 5 (5% cooked) revealed necrosis of sporadic myocardial muscle fibers. SUMMARY (99) Moreover, heart of rats from group 6 (10% cooked) showed congestion of blood vessels. Kidney histopathology: Histopathologically, kidneys of control + ne, untreated revealed the normal venal parenchyma. Meanwhile, kidneys of rats from control + ne group 2 (positive) showed thickening and vacuolation in the wall of renal blood vessel associated with perivascular leucocytic cells infiltration and atrophy of the glomerular tufts. However, keidneys of rats from groups 3 (5% fresh) and 4 (10% fresh) revealed apparent normal renal parenchyma. Examined keidneys of rats from group 5 (5% cooked) showed vacuolation in the tumica media of renal blood vessel and vacuolations in the epithelial lining some renal tubules. Meanwhile, hypertrophy of glomerular tufts was noticed in group 6 (10% cooked). Spleen histopathology: Microscopical examination of spleen of control, untreated rats revealed normal lymphoid follicles. Meanwhile, lymphocytic necrosis and depletion were observed in spleen of rats from group 2 (positive) control + ne. However, spleen of rats from groups 3 (5% fresh), 4 (10%fresh) and 6 (10%cooked) showed no histopathological changes. |