الفهرس 
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Abstract
The present study aimed to (i) isolation, serodiagnosis and PCR examination for 200 rat samples, 625 cow samples, 95 human blood samples and 30 water samples. Isolation study showed 9 isolates in rat and 7 isolates for both cow and water source. All isolates serotyped as L. Icterohaemorrhagiae and L. Pomona. The most predominant serovars were against L. Pomona, L. Icterohaemorrhagiae, L. Pyrogenes ,L. Hardjo , L. celledoni, and L. Grippotyphosa . Results of PCR examination revealed that 28 (14%) were positive with lig1/lig2 and 58 samples (29%) with G1/G2 in rat samples, 7 (1.12%) with lig1/lig2 and 30 samples (4.8%) with G1/G2 in cow samples and 10 (33%) with lig1/lig2 and 30 samples (100%) with G1/G2 in water samples. (ii) second study on vaccine preparation and evaluation; an autogenous whole cell killed bivalent leptospira vaccine formulated with the two recovered isolates (L. Icterohaemorrhagiae and L. Pomona) was evaluated in 20 Guinea pigs vaccinated with 0.25 ml S/C in 1st and 2nd dose after 3 weeks which gave protection and prevent urinary shedding and 6 other Guinea pigs were used as unvaccinated control animal. The obtained results indicated that immunization with a bivalent vaccine produced high antibody titers and long term antibody response lasting for at least 4 months, also prevent urinary shedding when challenged with live serovars when compared to the unvaccinated control animals in which leptospires in urine sample of challenged animals post challenge were detected.