الفهرس 
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Abstract
The present study was conducted in two experiments. The First was to visualize the effects of partial and/or complete substitution of corn grains by bakery meal in intact male crossbreed cow beef calves ration on their zootechnical performance and productivity. Meanwhile the second experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of different cultivation techniques and chemical treatments during the production of hydroponic fodder (barley) under controlled environmental conditions on the amount and composition of the green fodder produced. Consequently In the first trial A total of 56 calves ,with an average of 260± 12 kg (LBW) were randomly assigned to four equal groups (each of 14 calves) .The first group (control), was fed on basal ration (BR) formulated from conventional corn based ration , while calves in the other three groups were fed separately on three iso-energetic (70% TDN) iso-nitrogenous (14%CP) diets in which 25, 50 and 100% of corn were replaced(w/w) by BM in groups (2,3 and 4 ) respectively. The experiment lasts for 105 days of which 15 days represents preliminary period not only to accustom animals for their assigned diets but also to estimate the level of forage intake beside the constant amount of concentrate mixture given (2.5% of LBW). Results revealed that the composition of (BM) collected from the local bakeries in Egypt (89.8 ±0.70, 10.2 ±0.42, 2.5 ±0.23, 4.91 ±0.34, 5.51 ±0.41, 0.2 ±0.05and 0.3 ±0.02 for DM, CP, EE, CF, total ash, Ca and P % respectively) was a proximity close to those reported in available literatures. It was noticed that the partial and/or complete substitution of corn grains by bakery meal (BM) significantly (p≤ 0.05) improved the average final body weights at 50 and 100% levels of substitution (391.7 ±12.31 vs. 417.9 ±12.6 and 425.0 ±14.1 Kg) and the average weight gain (132.1 ±4.0 vs. 157.2 ±4.5 and 166.1 ±5.1 kg) for control, third and fourth groups respectively, however the 25% level of substitution results in only numerical non significant (p≤ 0.05) improvement of final weight (391.7 ±12.31 vs. 409.7 ±13.1) and the average weight gain was (132.1 ±8.0 vs. 151.4 ±8.7). The conversion ratios, results showed that BM results in better feed conversion. Blood parameters indicated that only 100% level of substitution significantly (p≤ 0.05) affects ALT ,AST total serum proteins, serum albumin and globulin, Meanwhile the blood glucose levels were significantly (p≤ 0.05) increased at all levels of substitution (The serum urea levels follow the same trend of blood glucose levels but in the opposite way). In addition BM substitution improved the rumen ecology regarding the number and motility of rumen flora and decreased the ammonia concentration in the rumen and has a positive and acceptable effect on rumen pH and total volatile fatty acids produced. Results of the second experiment revealed that the amount of green barley fodder (Kg yield) as well as DM , CP, CF and EE% content the green fodder produced were increased as the seed density increased. Also the obtained data indicated that the increased concentration of nutrient solution in the irrigation water has a positive impact on both the amount and nutrient content of the hydroponic fodder (barley) under controlled environmental conditions regarding the amount DM, CP, CF and EE% content.
It is to be concluded that BM can be successfully incorporated into feedlot rations up to 100% level on the expense of corn without adversely affecting production and/or the health status of the feedlot animals. Whilst BM is a suitable ingredient from a production point of view, its inclusion in feedlot rations ultimately depends on the cost. In addition the increased seed density up to the level of 4 kg per m2 is the most suitable for maximum fodder production of barley (quantity and quality).