الفهرس 
Diastolic dysfunction
Cardiovascular Complications of HemodialysisOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Heart failure is a common cardiovascular syndrome that may occur in conjunction with either normal or abnormal left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF). (1) Heart failure with normal ejection fraction is present in more than 50% of all heart failure patients. (2) The more frequent incidence of heart failure in diabetics even in the absence of ischemic heart disease, valvular heart disease and/or another disorders, leads to the presumption that diabetes mellitus unfavorably affects the heart muscle by its complication. (275) These changes affect the development of microangiopathy of the heart muscle, physiology of the cardiomyocytes and it is associated with increased fibrosis of the interstium leading to reduced myocardium compliance and to pathological involvement of the cardiac autonomic nervous system. (276) Also Cardiovascular complications are the main cause of death in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) undergoing hemodialysis therapy accounting for 40%of deaths in international registries. (277) Renal disease promotes cardiovascular injury by many factors; hypertension, anemia, CAD, hyperparathyroidism and large interdialytic fluid gains.