الفهرس 
chapter 1Only 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The past few years have witnessed increased in the potential use of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) such as disaster management, combat field reconnaissance, border protection and security surveillance.
In most of WSN applications, the nodes are hard to reach and it is impossible to replace their batteries so the nodes must operate without battery replacement for a long time. Power management is considered as the greatest problem faced by WSNs. In this work, a survey on WSNs and their technologies, standards and applications was carried out. Many routing, power management, and data dissemination protocols have been specifically designed for WSNs where energy awareness is an essential design issue.
A wireless network consisting of a large number of small sensors with low power transceivers can be an effective tool for gathering data in a variety of environments like civil and military applications. The data collected by each sensor is communicated through the network to a single processing center called base station that uses all reported data to determine characteristics of the environment or detect an event.