الفهرس 
Surgical anatomy of the lower the urinary tractOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Ureteral stents have been an important tool in urological surgery since their use was first described 4 decades ago. Stents were needed in the majority of ureteroscopic stone removal. The main indications of ureteral stents following ureteroscopy are significant ureteral edema, perforation, steinstrasse, prolonged endoscopic operative time (over 45 minutes) and any patient with imminent post-operative plans such as a second-look ureteroscopy. Stent discomfort can vary from one patient to another in an idiosyncratic manner, but is believed to affect over 80% of patients. Studies identified patient morbidity associated with ureteral stents as a significant health problem. They found that ureteral stents are associated with significant symptoms, such as pain affecting daily activities, urinary symptoms and reduced work capacity that reduces quality of life. Gabapentin, a structural analogue of amino butyric acid, is widely used drug for treatment of different types of neuropathic pain. Gabapentin also used to inhibit the peripheral sensitization of afferent C-fibers found in the urinary bladder so it has been used in doses up to 3000 mg for cases of refractory OAB after failure of the conventional antimuscarinic therapy.