الفهرس 
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Abstract
Typhoid fever occurs in all parts of the world where there is substandard water supply and sanitation. It has almost been eliminated from developed countries because of sewage and water treatment facilities but remains a common disease and a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the third world countries.
Food and Water, the common mode of infection is by ingestion of an infecting dose of the organism, usually through contaminated water or food. Although the source of infection may vary, person to person transmission through poor hygiene and sewage contamination of water supply are the most important (Bhutta, 2006).
The infection is transmitted by ingestion of food or water contaminated with faeces. Epidemiological data suggest that water borne transmission of S. Typhi usually involves small inocula, whereas food borne transmission is associated with large inoculum. Most cases occur among persons who have traveled to or among visitors from areas where disease is endemic (Reller et al., 2003).
In our study 23.7 % gave positive widal test, but 0% gave positive blood culture because of their antibiotics intake. we found that the control group gave (13.2 %) positive widal test with titre (1/80) typhoidal group, (100 %) gave positive widal test with titre ranges from (1/80 : 1/320).
Our study applied on 350 children between 5 to 15 years old, as the percentage of male is more than the percentage of female 51.1% to 48.9%.
Our study put a hand on finding the significance and validity of Widal test in the diagnosis of typhoid fever Sensitivity and Specificity.
The definitive diagnosis of typhoid fever requires the isolation of Salmonella typhi or para-typhi from the patient concerned. Since patients often receive antibiotics prior to a confirmatory diagnosis, there is uncertainty that bacteria can be isolated from the blood cultures. Besides this, the facilities for blood culture are not always available or feasible.
So, we found in our study that widal test is a good standard method and a single rapid slide agglutination test was done.
Finally, Infection caused by S. typhi remains an important public health problem, particularly in developing countries. Morbidity and mortality attributable to typhoid fever are once again increasing with the emergence and worldwide spread of S. typhi strains that are resistant to most previously useful antibiotics.
As a consequence there is renewed interest in understanding the epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of typhoid fever and some specific aspects of its pathogenesis. More importantly, perhaps, there is much interest in the possibility of expanded roles for typhoid vaccines.