الفهرس 
3.1.Definitions of ObesityOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Obesity is becoming a significant problem for many countries around the world. It has more doubled in prevalence in
the last 30 years. The global prevalence of obesity has increased
considerably in the last decade. According (WHO), 80% of the
world population was primarily based on traditional methods of
healing which use medicinal plants and folk knowledge.
Phytotherapy is the treatment and prevention of diseases
using plants, plants part such as fruits, flowers, leaves, peels,
and roots or mixtures of them. These plants The aim of this
investigation was study the effect of some vegetable peels and
herbs which were used as formulas for weight reduction in
obese rats. This study used three plant peels and three herbs on
basal diet which were used in mixture at different levels.
All vegetable peels and herbs were milled to give a owder
and were kept in dusky Stoppard glass bottles in a cool and dry
location till use, all vegetable peels and herbs are best in a cool,
dry and dark location to reduce oxidation of their contents.
Forty (Sprague - Dawley) white female albino rats,
weighing (175 ±5 g), were used in this study. All rats were fed
on standard diet for a week before the beginning of the
experiment as an adaption period. The rats were divided into (8)
groups of (5) rats for each group with similar total weight.
All obese rats were fed on basal diet plus investigated
vegetable peels and herbs formula for 4 weeks except one group
fed on high fat diet as control group. The rats divided into the
following groups:-
- Control group: Five rats fed on high fat diet as control.
- Group1: Five obese rats fed on basal diet with formula
supplemented with Citrullus lanatus, Solanum
melongena, Pisum sativum (10%,5%,5%) mixture(1).
- Group2: Five obese rats fed on diet with formula
supplemented with (Citrullus lanatus, Solanum
melongena, Pisum sativum (5%,10%,5%) mixture(2).
- Group3: Five obese rats fed on diet with formula
supplemented with (Citrullus lanatus, Solanum
melongena, Pisum sativum (5%,5%,10%) mixture(3).
- Group4: : Five obese rats fed on diet with formula
supplemented with Thymus vulgaris,Phyllanthus
emblica, Foeniculum vulgare (5%,5%,10%)
mixture(4) .
- Group5: Five obese rats fed on diet with formula
supplemented with Thymus vulgaris ,Phyllanthus
emblica , Foeniculum vulgare (10%,5%,5%)
mixture(5) .
- Group6: Five obese rats fed on diet with cake supplemented
with Thymus vulgaris,Phyllanthus emblica ,
Foeniculum vulgare (5%,10%,5%) mixture(6) .
. Group7: Five obese rats fed on diet with cake supplemented
with Citrullus lanatus, Solanum melongena, Pisum
sativum and Thymus vulgaris,Phyllanthus emblica ,
Foeniculum vulgare (5%,5%,2.5%,2.5%,2.5%,2.5%)
mixture(7).
Biological evaluation of the different diets was carried out
by determination of body weight gain (BWG %), feed efficiency
ratio (FER). At the end of the experimental period (28 days),
Blood samples were collected for using to determination of the
following parameters:-
glucose, urea, creatinine, , glutamic Oxaloacetic
transaminase (GOT), and glutamic Pyruvic transaminase (GPT),
HB, Red cell count, platelets cell count. The kidney, liver, large
intestine, and pancreas of each rat were removed, cleaned in
saline solution and dried then weighed and kept in formalin
solution for Histopathological examination.
Results of the present study revealed the following:
1- from the results, it could be noticed that, the mixture 6
followed mixture 4 and 3 contained the highest protein,
mixture 3 and 7 contained the highest level of fat, fiber
and ash in mixture 6 and 7 was the highest level while
mixture 1 contained the highest carbohydrates.
2- There is no significant between groups 1, 2, 5 and control
group. The seventh group was the lowest one in feed
intake.
3- There is no significant differences between groups 1,5 and
6.The lowest group in body weight gain was the last group
which recorded 0.52 ± 0.16 g/ day.
4- There is no significant differences between groups 2,3 and
4 also, between groups (1 and 6). Mean while, rats fed on
group 7 which contained all the tested plants peel and
herbs showed a significant decrease compared to control
rats which was 0.055 ± 0.007.
5- The adiposity which index to the sum of adipose pads to
body weight, multiplied by 100. The highest mean value
recorded in control group and the lowest one was rats of
group 7.
6- It is clear that large intestin relative weight which showed
the highest significant decrease in G3 (mixture 3) and G7
(mixture 7) compared to control (obese rats) which the
mean levels were 0.40±0.03, 0.34±0.11 and
0.56±0.02g/100g body weight respectively.
7- There were significant decrease in all groups for blood
glucose as compared control group (obese rat) except G1
and G4, which were 170.5±2.76 and 175.3 ± 1.1 mg/dl
respectively.
8- It could be noticed that the control group was the highest
level in red blood cells and rats fed on mixture 7 was the
lowest one. There were significant differences between all
groups and control group. While, there is no significant
differences between groups from 1 to 6. Group 7 recorded
the lowest level of WBC.
9- The results showed non significant for aspartate amino
transaminase (AST) enzyme activity between groups (G1,
G2, G4 and G6) as compared control group, the best group
was observed for rats fed on mixture3. There is no
significant differences between the results obtained in
groups 2, 4, 5 and 6. Rats fed on mixture 7 showed
significant decrease in the serum levels of (ALT) enzyme
activity as compared control. These results denote that
there is no significant differences in mean value of (ALP)
enzyme for (G1, G4, G6 and control group).
10- There is no significant differences between groups
1,4 and 5, also between 2,3 and 6 for creatinine level. The
results revealed that there is no significant in serum levels
of albumin of rats fed on mixture 1 and 2, also between
groups 3 and 7 . serum urea decrease recorded when rats
were fed different formula which were 30.46±0.1,
26.21±0.7, 20.76±1.3 24.15±2.1, 27.18±1.2, 24.15±2.1 and
20.18±1.2mg/dl for groups 1,2,3,4,5,6 and 7 respectively,
groups 3 and 7 which consider the best group rats.
11- The obtained results showed that there were
significant decrease in serum levels of total cholesterol in
all tested groups as compared to control group except
group (4), which was 171.7±1.25mg/dl. The results
showing significant decrease in serum level of triglyceride
in all tested groups. In rats fed on mixtures formula, it
could be noticed that there is non-significant differences
between groups (1, 4, 5 and 6) as compared to control
group. For HDL-c, there is no-significant differences
between rats fed on mixture 1, 2, 5 and6. The results
showing significant decrease in serum level of (LDL-c) in
all tested groups as compared to control.
12- Administration mixture formula 3 and 7 led to
increase free T3, while in control group was the lowest
level. For free T4, there is no significant between groups 3,
4, 6 and 7. In case of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
activity, there is no significant between all groups except
control group.
13- Regarding the changes in the carbohydrates and
protein of bread under investigation. The bread which
supplemented with mixture 3 resulted in increasing
protein, fiber, ash and decreasing carbohydrates than the
control.
14- Histopathological results for liver, kidneys ,large
intestine and pancreas sections of all obese rats fed on all
plant peels and herbal formula showed improve the health
status of the organs structure than the control organs and
also showed there is no harmful effects on these organs.
15- In conclusion Citrullus lanatus, Solanum melongena,
Pisum sativum at the level 5%,5%,10% (mixture 3)
caused the improvement of all chemical analysis, and
enhanced the organ’s structure, so these herbs and
vegetable peels are recommended to be used as
supplementation to improve the bad effect of obesity.