الفهرس 
Diabetes mellitusOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is presented as a common chronic endocrine and metabolic disease affecting millions of people worldwide, with a rapidly increasing incidence and prevalence. It is a complex disease in which both genetic and environmental factors interact in determining impaired β-cell insulin secretion and peripheral insulin resistance causing hyperglycemia, which constitutes the primary hallmark of type 2 diabetes mellitus.Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the most serious microvascular complications of diabetes and is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease globally. The classical definition of diabetic nephropathy is a progressive rise in urine albumin excretion, coupled with increasing blood pressure,leading to declining glomerular filtration and eventually end stage kidney failure.Traditionally, nephropathy is divided into two types based on the urinary albumin excretion rate: incipient and overt. Incipient nephropathy is manifest as microalbuminuria; microalbuminuria is a predictor of overt proteinuria in patients with type 2 diabetes, as well as being a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. However, not all patients progress to overt nephropathy. For this reason, new and simple tests are needed to predict the development of microalbuminuria early enough to allow for timely intervention to prevent complications.