الفهرس 
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Abstract
Salmonellosis is one of the most common zoonotic diseases in the world; the most common cause of human salmonellosis worldwid is S. enterica serovar Typhimurium and S. enterica serovar enteritidis. Most cases of salmonellosis are caused by food infected with S. enterica, which often infects cattle and poultry. Also other animals such as domestic cats and hamsters have also been shown to be sources of infection to humans. Salmonellosis usually gives gastrointestinal symptoms, including nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps and bloody diarrhea with mucus. Headache, fatigue and rose spots are also possible. These symptoms may be severe, especially in young children and the elderly. Symptoms appear 12 - 72 hours after ingesting the bacterium and last up to a week.
The objective of our study is to detect MDR and mechanisms of resistance in Salmonella species in cases of gastroenteritis at Minia Governorates.
Five hundreds diarrheal stool samples were collected from patients attending Minia Fever Hospital and examined for NTS, Samples were sent immediately to the Microbiology and Immunology department at the Faculty of Medicine, Minia University. NTS isolates (4.4%) were Gram-negative bacilli. On MacConkey’s agar showed smooth, colorless and transparent (non-lactose fermenters) colonies. On S.S agar, it appeared as pale non lactose fermenter colonies, growths were examined both microscopically and biochemically followed by subculture on Mueller-Hinton agar media at 37°C for 24 hours for confirmation and antimicrobial susceptibility tests.
Our study showed high resistance to ampicillin (86.4%),tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (77.3%), intermediate resistance to; (50%) to ceftazidime, (31.8%) to streptomycin and cefotaxime, (27.3%), and low resistance to; chloroamphenicol, (13.6%) to ofloxacin, (9%) to nalidixic acid and (4.5%) to amikacin, but no resistance at all to ciprofloxacin.
In order to explain the resistance to multiple antibiotics tetB gene and cat gene were amplified by PCR, detected by Agarose gel electrophoresis in resistant strains as well as sensitive strains, for tetracycline and Chloroamphenicol, respectively, ß-lactamase detection was done for all resistant NTS isolates to Ampicillin for confirmation.
Quinolones remain the treatment of choice for NTS infections, after the appearance of MDR to commonly used antibiotics like ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and chloram¬phenicol.