الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Menopause is a universal and irreversible part of the overall aging process as it involves a woman’s reproductive system. It is diagnosed after 12 months of amenorrhea and is characterized by a myriad of symptoms as vasomotor symptoms, hot flashes, osteoporosis, increased cardiovascular morbidities & mortalities, urogenital tract change; vaginal dryness, dyspareunia, pelvic organ prolapse, atrophic cystitis, mood changes, depression, decrease cognitive functions, insomnia, weight gain , bloating & mastodynia. An increase in serum FSH and decreases in E2 are the major endocrine changes that occur during the transition to menopause.
For the sake of poor feasibility of human studies, it is critical to have ideal experimental animal model that mimic events occurring among patients. The use of OVX, as a model of menopause is widespread . Data derived from the OVX animal model has created much of our fundamental understanding of ovarian hormone action in every organ system in the body .
Prospective study was carried out on 80 adult female Sprague_Dawley rats aged 5 -12 months, weighing 150- 200 grams , which were housed in an animal facility at Faculty of Medicine Alexandria Univeristy. They were divided into four groups (n=20,each group). HG: female rats were undergone hysterectomy with ovarian preservation, UOG: Female rats were undergone unilateral oophorectomy, BOG: Female rats were undergone bilateral oophorectomy & CG: Female rats control group.
They were subjected to the following tests at the beginning, one week and one month post- procedure :serum hormonal profile including FSH& E2 using ELISA technique as a marker of menopausal change.Lipid profile including cholesterol, LDL & HDL using colorimetric method & Cognitive functions including: Passive avoidance test(to test for long term memory) & Novel object recognition test(as a test for short term memory) which were conducted one week & one month after the procedure to show our secondary objective which was evaluation of certain physiological changes following the induced menopause.
Our results showed that the level of FSH was significantly increased as such BOG has the highest level followed by UOG & then HG both after one week & one month. While regarding E2, there was significance decrease in its level such that BOG has the least level then UOG & HG both after one week & one month testing (which is probably due to Estrogen forms a negative feedback loop by inhibiting the production of GnRH in the hypothalamus), both HG & UOG were affected because of interference with the uterine and ovarian arteries blood supply to the ovary.
Regarding the lipid profile: the cholesterol & LDL levels were found to be significantly increased in BOG & UOG & to lesser extent in HG both after one month & one week testing .While regarding HDL, its level was significantly decreased in BOG & to a lesser extent UOG & HG(because of deprivation of estrogens which have beneficial effects on lipids and lipoproteins).While as regarding the cognition( Passive aviodance test :No change was found