الفهرس 
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Abstract
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) 1s considered the oldest cereal grain
cultivated for food. Cultivation of barley antedates historical records, and
its origin remains unknown (Harlan, 1968). Archeological evidence from Egypt
showed that barley grains were used by the inhabitants around 16,000 B.C.
(Wendorf eta!., 1979) • characteristics of the barley kernels found by archeologists
are very similar to those of present-day barley. There are two
main types of cultivated barley : two-rowed and six-rowed. Harlan ( 1968)
suggested that two-rowed barley preceded six-rowed barley in evolution
because the two-rowed character occurs in a wild ancestor, H. spontaneum
Koch. The six-rowed trait may have resulted from a mutation because the
two-rowed character is controlled by an allele that is dominant to the
allele for six-rowed, and dominant to recessive mutation are much more
frequent than the reverse. The ideal variety test must meet four criteria. First, the test must
produce results that can be easily reproduced not only within a laboratory,
but also, among different laboratories. Second, the test procedure must
be technically uncomplicated. Third, the test must take only a short time
to complete. The completion time involves both the number of days required
to complete the test as well as the number of man-hours used. Fourth,
the test must be inexpensive to conduct. Tests that meet these four criteria
will be accepted and readily used by seed laboratories for routine testing.